Faster planes and cheaper flights

Faster planes and cheaper flights are making it easier than ever before for people to travel. In

the most 'developed' societies, visiting exotic places is a sought-after status symbol. The tourism

industries of both developed and developing countries have recognized this fact and are learning to take

advantage of it.

There are, however, some problems associated with this new industry. Firstly, there is the

increasing crime rate. Some local's tourists as an easy prey because, not only are they in unfamiliar

territory and therefore less able to take care of themselves, but also they carry visible items of wealth,

such as cameras and jewelry which can be disposed of quickly for profit.

Another major problem is health. With greater mobility comes greater danger of spreading

contagious diseases around the world. One carrier returning home could easily start an epidemic before

their illness was diagnosed. Moreover, the emergence of many diseases which resist antibiotics is

causing scientists to be increasingly concerned about this issue.

Also to be considered is the natural environment, which can be seriously threatened by too many

visitors. Australia's Great Barrier Reef, for example, is in danger of being destroyed by tourists and

there are plans to restrict visitors to some of the more delicate coral cays.

These are just three of the reasons why any country should be wary of committing itself to an

extensive tourism development program.

1. Why does the natural environment become one of the serious problem associated with the faster

planes ail cheaper flight? Because ....

A. it easily started an epidemic before their illness was diagnosed

B. it can be destroyed by too many visitors 

C. the health problem will increase

D. they carry visible items of wealth

E. it can increase crime rate

2. Why is the crime rate increasing due to the new industry?

A. Some tourists carry visible items of wealth. 

B. The tourists are spreading contagious diseases.

C. The government is planning to restrict visitors to some coral cays.

D. The new industry makes the number of unemployment increase.

E. The tourists come by plane.

3. "One carrier returning home could easily start an epidemic before their illness was diagnosed."

(Paragraph 3) The underlined word means ....

A. found

B. observed

C. identified

D. examined

E. healed

The Houses of the Toraja

The ethnic groups in the mountain regions of southwest and central Sulawesi (Celebes) are known by the name of Toraja, which has come to mean "those who live upstream" or "those who live in the mountains". Their name is in fact derived from the word Raja, which in Sanskrit means "king". The society is hierarchically structured: the noblemen are called rengnge, the ordinary people to makaka, and the slaves to kaunan; birth determines which rank a person will occupy. 

The distinctive features of the traditional houses (tongkonan) of the Toraja are the "buffalo horns", the roof design and the rich decoration on the walls. The buffalo is a symbol of status, courage, strength and fighting spirit. 

Designed as a representation on the universe, the tongkonan is constructed in three parts: the upper world (the roof), the world of humans (the middle of the building), and the underworld (the space under the floor). The highly distinctive roors constructed by the Toraja given rise to various ingenious interpretations. Certainly the roof is something of deep significance for the Toraja, and even today they build "modern" (in other words houses built with cement) houses with such roofs.

4. What is the text about?a. The culture of Torajab. The society of Torajac. The distinctive features of traditional housesd. The decription of a traditional houses of Torajae. The ethnic groups of southwest and central Sulawesi

5. “… and even today they   bulid modern…” (paragraph 3)The underlined word refers to…a. Rajab. Rengngec. Societyd. Toraja peoplee. Mountain regions

6. What are the ordinary people commonly called?a. Tongkonanb. Makakac. Celebesd. Rengngee. Kaunan

7. Which of the following does not symbolize a buffalo?a. Statusb. Couragec. Strengthd. Cowardicee. Fighting Spirit

Do you plan to study abroad? Don’t hesitate. Welcome to Cambridge University. Cambridge University, an institution of higher education, is the second oldest university in Great Britain after the University of Oxford. It is located in the city of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge is a system of faculties, departments, and 31 independent colleges. You know, although the colleges and the university are separate corporations, all are parts of an

integrated educational entity. The university examines candidates for degrees during their residencies and at the conclusion of their studies.

The colleges provide their students with lodgings and meals, assign tutors, and offer social, cultural, and athletic activities. Every student at the University of Cambridge is a member of a college. Let’s see its academic year. The academic year is divided into three terms of approximately eight weeks each: Michaelmas (autumn), Lent (late winter), and Easter (spring). Students required to study under supervisor are usually members of the college’s faculties who maintain close relationships with small groups of students in their charge and assist them in preparing for university exams.

8. The author’s purpose of writing the text is …A. to review a particular education systemB. to commemorate a particular collegeC. to define a particular academic yearD. to explain a particular way to studyE. to describe a particular institution

9. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The academic year is held in four seasons in a year.B. Students in colleges are not members of the universityC. Students must not be in their residence during the terms.D. The students of Cambridge University have holidays in summer.E. University of Oxford is younger than University of Cambridge.

10. The second paragraph tells the readers about …A. an integrated educational entity.B. social activities in the university.C. the system in Cambridge University.D. the examination for candidates’ degrees.E. the criteria for the membership of the university.

11. “The colleges provide their students with lodgings and meals, assign tutors and offer …” (Paragraph 2).The underlined word means …A. dormitories used for studying in groupsB. places offered for doing some businessC. spaces needed for discussionD. houses needed for taking a restE. rooms rented to stay in

We are announcing today that we are bringing the Milestone and Ever Green brands even closer together. Effective as of December 5, 2005, our official name will be:GREEN MILES WEST The substitution of “West” in our name-replacing “California”- is the result of an agreement we reached with California Gardening Association, following a protest over the original use of “California” in our name. We hope this does not create any confusion among our loyal consumers. While this represents a change from our initial name introduction, it does not change the quality of products we offer to our consumers.

13. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A. The corporate offices were protestedB. The loyal consumers created an official name for the company.C. There was a conflict between Green Miles West and Milestone

D. The quality of products will be different from the former products.E. The name “Green Miles West” will be effective as of December 5, 2005.

12. “… it does not change the quality of the products we offer …” (Paragraph 4).The underlined word means …A. takeB. lose eraseC. alterD. eraseE. throw

Many people now have a card which enables them to withdraw money from a cash dispenser. You feed your card into the machine and key in your PIN (Personnel Identification Number) and the amount of money you want If you have enough in your account, the money requested will be issued to you up to a dairy limit. Your account is automatically debited for the amount your have drawn out. Provided you have a sound credit, you can get a credit card from a bank and other financial institutions. To obtain goods or services, you present your card and sign a special voucher. When it receives the voucher, the credit card company pays the trader (less a commission) and then sends you a monthly statement. Depending on the type of card you have, you will either have to pay in full or be able to pay part of what is owed and pay interest on the balance left outstanding. If you need to make fixed payments at regular intervals, e.g. for insurance premiums, you can arrange a standing order (sometimes known as a banker’s order) so that the bank will do this for you.

13. If you withdraw your money from the cash dispenser the amount of your money will … as you have drawn out.A. become moreB. be creditedC. become lostD. become lessE. be doubled

14. The main purpose of the writer is to …A. give the reader information about bank serviceB. persuade die readers to have a credit cardC. check the customers’ accountD. explain to the reader how to use PINE. explain to the customers how to pay their employee’s salaries

15. Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph?A. The credit card company pays the traders.B. The credit card company sends you a monthly statement.C. Banks and other financial institutions offer us credit cards to get goods and services.D. Other financial institutions help the banks to provide credit cards.E. A voucher is the only way to buy goods.

16. “Many people BOW have a card which enables them ______..” (Paragraph. 1).“enables” means …A. forcesB. supportsC. asksD. allowsE. encourages

17. If you have enough money in your account …A. you can withdraw your money from a cash dispenser.B. you have a special voucher.C. the bank sends you a monthly statement.

D. you have paid special interest.E. the type of card is acceptable.

Victoria Caroline Beckham is an English singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress, fashion

designer and business woman. She was born on April 17, 1974, in Essex, England. She became famous

in the 1990's with the pop group "The Spice Girl"and was known as Posh Spice.

In 1999, she married the Manchester United and England footballer, David Beckham. They have four

children, three sons and a daughter. After The Spice Girl split up, she pursued a solo singer career, but

also started her own fashion range called dVb Style. Since this initial foray into fashion Victoria

Beckham has brought out her own range of sunglasses and fragrance, entitled "Intimately Beckham"and

a range of handbags and jewelry.

In addition she had written two best-selling books: one her autobiography and the other, a fashion

guide.

18. What did Victoria do before being a solo singer?

A. Married to David Beckham

B. Worked as fashion designer

C. Joined The Spice Girl

D. Created fashion style

E. Wrote many books

19. We found in the text that ....

A. Victoria named her fragrance by dVb style

B. Beckham is Victoria's autobiography

C. Beckham is Victoria's brand for her fragrance

D. Posh Spice is the title of her new album

E. Spice Girls is Victoria's label for her wardrobe

20. Based on the text, what do we know about Victoria?

A. She is an ordinary woman

B. She is a multi-talented woman

C. She designed The Spice Girls

D. She married to an ordinary person

E. She arranged many songs for The Spice Girls

Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff.

Additionally, in this multimedia era, students need more to reach their progressive development.

Students need mobile keyboards to record every presented subject easily. Of course it will need more

cost but it will deserve for its function.

First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs to

catch the target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in demonstrative method.

Consequently students need extra media cover the subject. Since there is a laptop on every student’s

desk, this method will help student to get better understanding.

Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online

shop which provides comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has service of online

shopping. The students just need to brows that online shop, decide which computer or laptop they need,

and then complete the transaction. After that the laptop will be delivered to the students' houses. That is

really easy and save time and money.

From all of that, having mobile computer is absolutely useful for students who want to catch the

best result for their study. Buying laptop online is advisable because it will cut the price.

This online way is recommended since online shop also provides several laptop types. Students just

need to decide which type they really need.

21. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?

a. the laptop will be delivered to the students' houses

b. finding an appropriate laptop is easy

c. there is an online shop which provides comprehensive information

d. the students just need to brows online shop

e. buying laptop in online shop is difficult

22. Which of the following is NOT TRUE based on the text above?

a. students need laptop to reach their progressive development

b. there is an online shop which provides comprehensive information

c. finding an appropriate laptop is difficult

d. buying mobile computer online is recommended

e. students can buy laptop at online shop

23. The word advisable in the last paragraph has the same meaning with …..

a. recommended

b. important

c. cheap

d. difficult

e. easy

24. What is the appropriate title for the text above?

a. students have been in multimedia era

b. students need to have laptop

c. online shop is the best way to buy laptop

d. buying laptop in online shop is not difficult

e. the importance of having laptop

25. What is the genre of the text above?

a. narrative

b. report

c. hortatory exposition

d. analytical exposition

e. descriptive

There is a mystery and preciousness that we attach to pearls, yet despite what some people

believe, it has nothing to do with a grain of sand. Pearls, which have long been the treasures of the

wealthy, are often the products of dead worms, which remain entombed at the center of the jewels,

minute, translucent and ethereal.

Larval tapeworms drill into the flesh of mussels to use them as intermediate hosts enroute to

their later hosts, which in most cases are ducks or fish. The mussels’ immune systems battle the worms

by encircling them in layer after layer of nacre, the same calcium-based material found in the mussels’

shells. The invaders suffocate and then rest for eternity encased in these tiny chambers.

26. What is the best title for the text above ?

A. Precious Treasure

B. Shell

C. Pearly Gems

D. The Wealthy Jewel

E. Characteristic of Pearl

Baseball managers spend most of their time and energy managing things that go wrong.

Baseball provides an excellent microcosm in which to study blame because mistakes and failures are a

routine part of every game. In a typical game, managers, coaches, and players can easily make more

than 100 bad decisions—and still end up winning. Even very successful pitchers average more than two

bad pitches per batter, and if a player bats .400 (meaning he has succeeded 40% of the time but failed

the other 60%), he is having a miraculous season. Thus, if managers and coaches got upset about every

mistake, they would go mad by the end of the season.

27. The following statements are correct according to the text, except :

a. Baseball provide microcosm where to study blame

b. Game, managers, coaches and players can easily make more than 100 bad decisions.

c. Successful pitchers average more than two bad pitches

d. A batter bats well 60 % of the time

e. The manager and coach don’t get upset therefore they are not get mad

28. The word microcosm (paragraph 1 line 2) means :

a. The sun

b. The Galaxy

c. The earth

d. The life

e. The death

Cassava is the staple food of millions of people in Africa, Asia and South and Central America

its swollen tuberous root can be boiled and mashed or grated to produce a meal known as 'farinha' in

Brazil and 'garri' in Nigeria, which can be cooked in small cakes. The root is also the source of the

manufactured commodity, tapioca, a small field planted with cassava can be insurance against famine,

because the crop can be left in the ground for two or three years without deterioration of the tubers. But

recent findings suggests that cassava may be responsible for birth defects.

It has other serious disadvantages. The tubers consist almost entirely of starch and are

particularly low in protein, so dependence on cassava leads to serious malnutrition. To make matters

worse, some varieties, when grown under certain conditions of soil and climate, develop a high acid

content and become extremely poisonous to people and livestock if eaten raw. These tubers have to be

well-prepared for consumption by prolonged and repeated boiling.

The new danger has emerged over the past few years in Nigeria. Doctors have begun to suspect

that cassava, if eaten in large amounts during pregnancy, may cause deformities in the developing fate,

there appears to be a correlation between the eating of cassava by pregnant women and the occurrence

of various kinds of brain or other neuronal malformations in their babies

29. People can rely on cassava in times of famine because

A. cassava can grow in any climate through out the year

B. the tubers can last for more than one years as long as they are not pulled out

C. Characteristics of people consuming cassava

D. it is the most important food in many parts of the world

E. it can be stored for a long time without being rotten

30. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE

according to the text?

A. Farinha and garri are other names for cassava

B. Being low in protein, cassava may cause malnutrition

C. Some cassavas should not be eaten because they are poisonous

D. People consuming only cassava for long periods of time may endanger their health

E. Particular conditions of soil and climate can make cassava poisonous

31. People can rely on cassava in times of famine because

A. cassava can grow in any climate throughout the year

B. the tubers can last for more than one years as long as they are not pulled out

C. Characteristics of people consuming cassava

D. it is the most important food in many parts of the world

E. it can be stored for a long time without being rotten

32. It is likely that doctors will advise pregnant women not to eat too much cassava for fear that....

A. they will be deformed

B. the flutes will not develop

C. their bodies will become crippled

D. their babies' blood will be poisoned

E. their babies may have malformed brains

33. We may conclude that the writer....

A. suggests that cassava is a good alternative for staple foods

B. wants to tell people to stop eating cassava

C. shows how people in developing countries live

D. warns the readers of the danger of consuming too much cassava

E. explains the effect of food shortages in developing countries

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim

Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra. Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the

grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main

gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other

palatial buildings.

The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. With the main

structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.

Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four

subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed

chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.

Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate

description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a

foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna

river.

34. What is the main topic of the text above ?

a. The faithfulness of a king for his beloved wife

b. Some parts of Taj Mahal’s architectural building

c. The beautiful architectural building of Taj Mahal

d. The chambers of Taj Mahal

e. The beautiful view of Taj Mahal seen from Jamuna River

35. ‘The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it’ (1 st sentence,

paragraph 2). The word ‘it’ refers to :

a. Taj Mahal

b. Jamuna River

c. The beauty of Islamic architecture

d. the eight wonders

e. Mumtaz Mahal

36. ’The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a

mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings” (the first

paragraph, the last sentence).

37. The underlined word has similar meaning to ….

a. great

b. huge

c. extensive

d. big

e. enormous

38. There are some main buildings in Taj Mahal, except …

a. a mosque

b. gateway

c. garden

d. a guest house

e. hot bathing place

Many Americans like to invite friends to their homes for an informal dinner. They may serve a

simple, family-style meal. Often American show their hospitality by treating the guest as “one of the

family”. Americans often tell guests, “Make you at home”. They want their guests to relax and be

comfortable, just as they do in their own homes. If you are invited for dinner, it’s customary to bring a

small gift such as a bottle of wine of fresh flowers.

38. Which of the following is not suitable to complete the sentence ? in an informal dinner it is good for

a guest to..

a. behave as if he were at his own home

b. bring a present for the hostess

c. relax and be comfortable

d. arrange some flowers

e. bring some wine

39. The text discusses about…

a. the expression, “Make yourself at home”

b. hospitality among friends in the U.S

c. American family-style dinner

d. inviting friends for a dinner

e. informal dinner

Nobody likes paying taxes. Even those who knows that taxation is necessary and just are

reluctant  to pay  taxes. It is not pleasant  to  see part of your monthly  income  taken away  from you  in

income tax. Ignorant people think this is an injustice and make a grievance of it; so it is just as well that

we should know why we are taxed, so that we can see fairness of the system.

Every country must have a government of some sort, or  life would be  impossible. The primary

duties of a government are to protect the life and property of the citizens, to maintain law and order and

settle dispute between citizens in a just and orderly way through the law-courts, to defend the countries

from foreign foes, and to maintain the roads and highways. Besides many governments maintain and

direct education, provide hospital for  the sick, and attend  the  sanitation. All these great public duties

need money; and army and navy have  to be kept up, the police force and  the  judges have  to be paid,

schools have to be provided and teachers supported; expert health-offices and sanitary engineers have to

be employed. Now where is all the money needed for the public service to come from? The question is

answered by another. For those benefits are all these service maintenance? The answer is, for the

benefits of  the public. It  is  the people  as a whole,  rich and poor,  that benefit  the  security of  life  and

property, by the sound administration of  justice, by  the maintenance of  roads, by the public hospital,

public, school, and good sanitation. Therefore it is only right that the public the individual citizens of the

country should contribute the money needed; for the money they give come back to them in the shape of

these public benefits which all enjoy.

So long, therefore, as we have a good and efficient government, so long as our money is being

used in the right way, and so long as the burden of taxation is distributed fairly, as different classes can

bear it, we have no right to grumble as having to pay our share of the taxes.

40. Which of these tittles is the most suitable for the text above ?

a. Objections to Taxes

b. Why citizens are taxed

c The burden of taxation

d Taxation is necessity

e Income taxes

41. The topic of paragraph 2 is………

a. the reason of taxation

b. the right of citizens

c. the expenses of public duties

d. the duties of a government

e. the types of public services

42. Why do the people have to pay income tax?

a. they have to pay taxes for the things they need

b. they have to pay whether they are rich or poor

c. the tax is needed to carry out the government’s public duties

d. they have to pay tax for the things they buy or sell

e. they have to pay tax for the government benefit

43. According to the following statements are true,

EXCEPT……….

a. everyone knows that taxation is necessary

b. the public must bear their shares of public expense

c. it is the government’s duty to provide hospitals for the sick

d. the same amount of income tax is imposed on the rich and the poor

e. the tax payers enjoy public services provided by the government

Lesser Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

The Lesser Slow Lorris is a mammal which can clamps onto branches for long periods of time.

To help it do this, the Loris has a network of blood vessels, called rate mirabilis in its forearms and

shanks. It is a small mammal which is 7-10 inches long (175-250 mm) and can weigh as much as 12

ounces or 340 grams. Being nocturnal the Loris has large round eyes. The Loris has no tail but has

broad grasping feet. On its second toe it has a sharp claw. It also has an enlarged thumb and a reduced

index finger.

The Lesser Slow Lorris is a plump animal with soft, thick fur ranging in color from light

brownish-grey to deep reddish-brown with a dark stripe down the back and neck. It has a long snout

with com-like front teeth which are used in grooming.

It is found in Southern Asia, Vietnam, Borneo, and Sumatera. As it is tree-living, it is restricted

to tropical rain forests. The diet of the Loris is made up of fruit and leaves, tender shoots, insects, birds,

small mammals and reptiles. It is nocturnal and sleeps by day rolled up in a ball.

The Lorris a solitary animal which belongs to the family of Lorisidea bush baby and potto. It is

a very slow but deliberate climber. An interesting fact about the Lesser Slow Lorris is that it has a

single-note whistle.

44. What does the paragraph one mostly talk about ?

a. The color of Lasser Slow Norris

b. The solitary animal

c. The features of Lasser Slow Lorris

d. The size of Lasser Slow Lorris

e. The life of Lasser Slow Lorri

45. ‘Being nocturnal the Loris has large round eyes.’ (Paragraph 1). The underlined word means…

a. live by staying in a certain place in certain time

b. being active mostly at the night

c. an animal eating like insects

d. an animal eating fruits and plants

e. living solitary

Scientists and doctors say that about 34 million Americans are too fat. Why is this? One cause is the kind of food Americans eat. Many Americans like "fast food". These foods (such as hamburgers and ice cream) often have fattening things in them. Another cause is the way Americans eat. They often eat little snacks between regular meals. These extra foods add extra fat on the body. A third cause is not enough exercise. Americans like driving everywhere, instead of walking. They often have machines to do a lot of the work. Some Americans are also too heavy because of health problems. But for most of those 34 million Americans, the problem is the American life-style.

46.The topic of the paragraph above is about ... A. the way Americans eat B. Americans' favorite food C. the kinds of American food D. why many Americans are fat E. the causes of health problems

47.The main idea of the paragraph is ... A. Fast foods make the majority of Americans fat. B. Many Americans are fat because of their way of life. C. Being fat, many Americans do not have enough exercise. D. Eating snacks between regular meals add extra fat on the body. E. 34 million Americans have, health problems caused by too much fat

Lake Toba, which is situated in the center of Bukit Barisan Mountain range, is an interesting mountain resort with Samosir island in the center of the lake. It boats many modern hotels and facilities for water sport such as boating, water skying and swimming.

In West Sumatera, the center of culture and tourism is Bukit Tinggi, situated in the highlands north of the provincial capital of Padang. West Sumatera is a land of scenic beauty with green lakes and blue mountains.

Java has a great number of attractions, including the world renowned Botanic Garden in Bogor, the wildlife reserve of Ujung Kulon on the south west part of the island. Borobudur, a gigantic Buddhist shrine is situated 42 kilometers northwest, of Yogyakarta and the Ijen crater lies in East Java and displays hot springs, waterfalls and free roaming deers as well as a sulphur crater. A threehour drive from Surabaya, and then a pony fide from the village of Ngadisari over the sea will take you to mount Bromo which is an active volcano with sulphur fumes and smoke still emitting from its depths. The inhabitants of the surrounding areas believe in the God of Bromo and bring offerings to his deity.

Bali is different from the rest of Indonesia because , of is unique form of Hinduism called"Hindu Dharma!' 'Religion is the main source of traditional custom in family and community life.

The soul of a Balinese is religion and it finds its expression in art. Many articles and books havebeen written on Bali.48 . What natural beauty does West Sumatera have?a . Active volcanoesb . Watersportc . Modem hotelsd . Mountain resorte . Green lakes and blue mountains

49 . Which of the following attractions is not found in the surroundings of the Ijen crater?a . Hot springsb . Waterfallsc . A sea of sandd . A sulphur cratere . Free-roaming deer

50 . Borobudur, a gigantic Buddhist shrine is situated 42 kilometers northwest of Yogyakarta.The underlined word means ..........A . niceB . hugeC . tallD . largeE . wonderful

Kunci Jawaban :

1. B2. A3. C4. D5. D6. B7. D8. E9. D10. A11. A12. A13. C14. D15. A16. C17. D18. C19. A20. B21. B22. C23. A24. E25. D26. A27. E28. D29. B30. D31. B32. E33. B34. C35. A36. E37. E38. D39. D40. B41. A42. C43. D44. C45. B46. E47. E48. E49. C50. B