Truck Efficiency Improvements and Why You Should Implement Them

Anthony Maietta, EPA Region 5

Transportation a Large Contributor to Greenhouse Gas

Emissions

Source: US Emissions Inventory https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2016-Chapter-2-Trends.pdf

Energy Use by Mode of Transportation

National Transportation Statistics 2013

Total US Energy use in 2013: 26 Quadrillion Btu

US Must Take Lead for Addressing CO2

More States And Cities Are Taking Action On Climate Change

States with Climate Action Plans: 34

Source: http://www.pewclimate.org

http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/map.asp

1,060 Cities Signed as on as U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement

Health Effects of Diesel Emissions

• Two main categories of diesel exhaust:– Gases: non-toxic and toxic components

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

– Particles: fine/ultrafine and toxic chemicals absorbed onto them

Pollutants react with oxygen and make ozone

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More about particulates...

Health Effects of Diesel Emissions (continued)

Particulate Matter (PM)

• Small particles of dust, dirt, soot, smoke, liquid droplets, and organic chemicals

• EPA regulates PM in two categories:– PM10 (10 microns or less)– PM2.5 (2.5 microns or less)

• PM2.5 is very small, 1/30th of the width of a human hair– Small size allows PM2.5 to get through the human body’s

airway defense mechanisms and enter deep into the lungs

2.5 Microns

Health Effects of Diesel Emissions (continued)

What health and environmental effects have been linked to high PM concentrations?

• Respiratory Problems• PM, especially PM2.5 can enter deep into the lungs and

bloodstream• Aggravated asthma, coughing, painful/difficult breathing,

chronic bronchitis, decreased lung function, premature death

• Visibility• Haze problems in national parks

• Atmospheric deposition• Can cause high acidity in lakes and streams• Can change soil nutrient concentration• Can damage sensitive plants and crops

Regulatory Approaches

• Criteria Pollutant Regulations (PM and Ozone)

• Fuel Regulations

• Engine Standards

What You Can Do

Improving Your Truck’s Efficiency

• Idle Reduction– Policies– Onboard Devices– Shore Power

• Fuel Efficiency– Tires– Aerodynamics– Driver

Behavior/Incentives

When a vehicle is running for nonpropulsion purposes, it is idling.

• Trucks idling while in queue• Vehicles waiting to

load/unload passengers or goods

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Running emergency lights and other auxiliaries• Emergency vehicles, utility vehicles

Powering HVAC•All vehicle types, for operator and passenger comfort in extreme weather

Performing nonpropulsion (PTO) work•Bucket trucks, sewer-line maintenance trucks, wood chippers

Some Idling Is Unavoidable

Most Idling Is Not

Waiting in queue•Delivery trucks, transit buses and motor coaches, shuttle buses, taxis

Engine warming•Today’s vehicles warm up faster by being driven than idling

Sitting in vehicle•During lunch breaks, to complete paperwork, to make phone calls

• Idling a car wastes up to 0.5 gallons of fuel per hour.

• Idling a medium-duty truck wastes 0.4 to 0.6 gallons of fuel per hour.

• Idling in the U.S. uses more than 6 billion gallons of fuel at a cost of more than $20 billion EACH YEAR.

• Engine idling increases vehicle maintenance costs.

• Engine idling can shorten vehicle life.

The Cost of Idling Adds Up

Idle Reduction Policies

Elements of Idle Reduction Policies

• Clear signage• Communicated well –

to drivers and management

• Reduced detention time (at facilities)

• Proper staging of cargo

• Driver comfort stations

• Queue Scheduling

• Sufficient drayage equipment

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Onboard Idle Reduction Technologies

Average fuel savings Emissions ControlledTrucks: 1 gal/hr CO2, NOx, and PM

Rail: 4 - 12 gal/hr

• Automatic Shut-Down/Start Up System • Battery Powered Systems• Diesel Driven Heating System• Auxiliary Power Unit/Generator Set

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

• Mounted externally

• Small Engine/Generator Combination– HVAC– Electrical accessories

Bunk Heaters/Battery Air Conditioners

Heaters

•Use very little fuel

BAC’s•Store energy as truck operates•Can work up to 16 hours

Automatic Engine Shutdown (AESS)

• Start and stop truck automatically

• Can be programmed to meet idle rules

• Can be programmed for temperature

Truck Stop Electrification

Advanced Truck Stop Electrification

SmartWay Trailer and Aerodynamics Verification:New programs introduced in 2014

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Scope

Trailer Designation Levels

SmartWay “Elite” Trailer (9% fuel savings from aero)(1% fuel savings from tires)

53’ Refrigerated trailers

SmartWay Trailer (5% fuel savings from aero)(1% fuel savings from tires)

53’ Van trailers

Aero Device Performance Bins

9% or more fuel savings

5% (5.0 – 8.9) fuel savings

4% (4.0 – 4.9) fuel savings

1% (1.0 – 3.9) fuel savings

Test Methods

Tunnel

CFD

New Track Test

Coastdown

Choice of new 2014 test method for verification and option to supplement with additional test methods

Web table indicating all methods used to verify a device

Fleet-relevant

CredibilitySimplicityRecogniti

on

Aerodynamics - Tires

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Average fuel savings Emissions Controlled

Trucks: 4 - 5% CO2, NOx

• Single-wide tires and aluminum wheels– Reduced rolling resistance

– Reduced weight

• Low rolling resistance duals can be as effective

as singles

Tires (continued)

• Single-wide tires Can Reduce 800-1000 lbs (when used on drive and trailer axles)– Reduced fuel consumption– Increased cargo capacity

• Low rolling resistance – better mpg– 2% to 5% compared to conventional tires

Benefits of Low Rolling Resistance Tires

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• Incremental fuel savings demonstrated for the tractor, trailer & combination

• Benefits demonstrated with new and retread tires

• SAE 2014-01-2425

Tractor only

Trailer only

Tractor & Trailer

Baseline

Aerodynamics - Vehicle

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Average fuel savings Emissions Controlled

Trucks: 5% CO2, NOx

• Trailer Fairings, Side-skirts

• Nose Cone and Trailer Tail

Tractor Aerodynamics

• Roof

• Side Extender

• Side Tank

• Front Bumper

• Mirrors

Can add up to 15% increase in fuel economy (vs untreated tractor)

SmartWay Designated Tractors

32Low Rolling Resistance Tires

EPA-compliant Engine

Aerodynamic Technologies (grill, hood, bumper, mirror, side chassis fairing)

Optional Auxiliary Power Unit reducing idle emissions

Aerodynamic Technologies (roof fairing, side extenders)

Trailer Aerodynamics

• Gap Reducer• Side Skirts/Fairings• Cargo loading• Wheelbase/

fifth-wheel

settings (less gap)• ~5%-9% fuel econ.

improvement

The Ideal “SmartWay Truck”

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SmartWay Technology Programs:Evolving with the industry

• SmartWay Trailer and aerodynamics programs updated in 2015– Includes 53 foot trailers in both dry van and refrigeration trailer

configurations

– Now has SmartWay Trailer and SmartWay Elite levels

– New test methods for verifying trailer aerodynamic components are more rigorous and incorporate multiple test protocols (i.e., track test, wind tunnel, coastdown, and computational methods)

– SmartWay tire program recently expanded to include verified low rolling resistance retread and wide-based tires.

• SmartWay Tractor under review– Respond to fleet and manufacturer input

– Better harmonize with truck GHG regulations

New SmartWay Trailer:New programs finalized in February 2015

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Scope

Trailer Designation Levels

SmartWay “Elite” Trailer (9% fuel savings from aero)

(1% fuel savings from tires)

53’ Refrigeration trailers

SmartWay Trailer (5% fuel savings from aero)

(1% fuel savings from tires)

53’ Van trailers

What Can The Driver Do?

• Speed management– Company policy– Incentives– Speed Governing

– Driver Training

• 65mph vs 55mph 7% less fuel• Reduced maintenance costs• More time between rebuilds

What Can The Driver Do? (continued)

• Cruise control (when possible)• Coast when possible• Smooth braking/acceleration• Progressive shifting (at lowest RPM possible)• Limit unnecessary idling• Limit unnecessary shifting/block shifting • Reduce accessories use

The SmartWay Transport Partnership

www.epa.gov/smartway

SmartWay Transport Partnership

• What is SmartWay?– Successful

government/industry collaboration

– Voluntarily achieves improved fuel efficiency

– Reduces environmental impacts from freight transport

• Partnership Categories– Carriers– Shippers – Logistics– Rail

• Partners use models: – Benchmark freight operations– Measure transportation footprint– Identify technologies & strategies to

reduce emissions– Track emissions reductions and project

improvement

• Equipment Manufacturers– SmartWay certified cars & trucks

• Auto manufacturers• Tractor manufacturers• Trailer manufacturers

SmartWay Partner Results

• Over 3,000 Partners, as of 3/2016• $24.9 billion dollars in fuel costs saved• Saved 170.3 million barrels of oil

– (equivalent to taking 14 million cars off the road for one year)

• Emissions reduced: – 72.8 million metric tons CO2

– 1,458,000 tons Nox

– 72,000 tons PM

National Clean Diesel Campaign & Midwest Clean Diesel Initiative

What is MCDI?

A public-private partnership formed in 2004 with a goal to address 1 million ‘legacy’ diesel engines by 2010 (we did!)

MCDI Leadership Group: (initially) 33 public-sector and private-industry organizations. Meets yearly to discuss progress, raise issues

MCDI Co-Chairs: EPA, Cummins, ALA, Illinois EPA; choose general direction of the Initiative

What is MCDI? (continued)

State Coalitions:– Government, industry, and nonprofit

organizations– Address diesel pollution through projects,

legislation, and innovative financing

Communication tools:• www.epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel• Webinars• To get on board:

maietta.anthony@epa.gov

How MCDI Reduces Diesel Emissions“The 5 R’s”

– Retrofit– Repower– Replace– Rebuild– Refuel

Each can reduce emissions and/or fuel use

Resources and Contact Information

SmartWay Transport Partnership http://www.epa.gov/smartway

National Clean Diesel Campaignhttp://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel

Midwest Clean Diesel Initiative http://www.epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel

Tony Maietta (312-353-8777)maietta.anthony@epa.gov