1. SLUMS PLANNING PRACTICES SUBMITTED BY:- PRAVEEN MUKATI
(141109029) KAVITA GUPTA (141109035) MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2. CONTENTS URBANIZATION GLOBAL CONTEXT URBANIZATION INDIAN
CONTEXT DEFINITION OF SLUM BY DIFFERENT ORGANIZATION DEFINITION OF
SLUM BY DIFFERENT SCHOLARS SLUM TYPOLOGIES CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUM
SCHEMES FOR SLUMS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE GOVERNMENT SCHEME :-
HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022 SLUM SCENARIO IN BHOPAL ORGANISATIONS
WORKING ON SLUMS : A CASE OF BHOPAL WHAT ARE BYELAWS AND WHY WE
NEED BYELAWS ?
3. WORLD URBANISATION PROSPECT 3 Major area, region total
population (millions) Urban population (millions) Urban population
(% of total population) Estimated slum population (thousands)
Estimated slum population (% of urban population) World 6134 2923
47.7 923,986 31.6 Developed regions 1194 902 75.5 54,068 6.0 Europe
726 534 73.6 33,062 6.2 Other 467 367 78.6 21,006 5.7 Developing
regions 4940 2022 40.9 869,918 43.0 Northern America 146 76 52.0
21,355 28.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 667 231 34.6 166,208 71.9 Latin
America and the caeibbean (LAC) 527 399 75.8 127,567 31.9 Eastern
asia 1364 533 39.1 193,824 36.4 South central asia 1507 452 30.0
262,354 58.8 South eastern asia 530 203 38.3 56,781 28.0 Western
asia 192 125 64.9 41,331 33.1 Oceania 8 2 26.7 499 24.1 Least
developed countries (LDCs) 685 179 26.2 140,114 78.2 Landlocked
developing countries(LLDCs) 275 84 30.4 47,303 56.5 Small island
developing states (SIDS) 52 30 57.9 7,321 24.4
4. URBANISATION (GLOBAL CONTEXT) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Percentage of
population at mid year residing in urban areas, by region,
1950-2030 Source : united nations 2006, world urbanization
prospects africa asia europe latin america and the caribbean north
america oceania
5. GROWTH OF THE MEGA-CITIES 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1975 1980 1985
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Urban population, by size class of
settlement, world 1975-2015 Source : united nations 2006, world
urbanization prospects 10 million or more 5-10 million 1-5 million
500000-1 million less than 500000
6. URBANISATION (INDIAN CONTEXT) India is emerging as one of
the fastest urbanizing countries in the world and has reached a
staggering urban population of 285 million (2001 census). It is
estimated that by the middle of this century or probably earlier,
the country would be more urban than rural. The economic base of
the nation through expanding industries, trade, commerce and
services has already shifted to the urban centres. In 2001, only
1/3 of the countrys population was living in urban areas.
Nonetheless, even at such a low level of urbanisation, the total
urban population is very large. In 1991, of the 20 largest cities
in the world, three (Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi) were form India. In
2001 6 of the 20 largest metropolises in the world were from India.
www.pdfwww.china-up.com:8080/international/case/case/831.pdf
7. Slum & Non-Slum Households (India 2011) Indicator Number
of households (in lakh) Total (Urban) 789 Slum 137 Non-Slum 652
Number of households (in %) Slum 17.4 Non-Slum 82.6
censusindia.gov.in
8. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Indias top 30 urban
centers with the largest populations living in slums City
populations are in 100,000s; data source is census 2011 slum
population population 2011
9. censusindia.gov.in
10. SLUM CENSUS OF INDIA Census 2001 For the first time in
Census 2001, slum areas were earmarked across the country,
particularly, in cities and towns having population of 50,000 or
above in 1991 Census. Subsequently, the slum data was culled out
also for towns with 20,000 to 49,999 population in 2001 and
statutory towns having population less than 50,000 in 1991 but
reported amore than 50,000 population in 2001 and were not
considered for carving slum EBs earlier. Census 2011 Slums have
been earmarked in all the statutory towns irrespective of their
population size based on the same definition as in 2001. Three
types of slums have been defined in Census, namely, Notified,
Recognized and Identified. Source: PCA for Slum, 2011
11. SLUMS DEFINATIONS BY DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONS
SLUM(UN-HABITAT) :- As the slum as defined by the united agency
characterised by standard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure
security slum has been defined as an area that combines various
features including inadequate access to safe water ,inadequate
access to sanitation and other infrastructure, poor structural
quality of housing, overcrowding and insecure residential status.
SLUM (CENSUS) :-As the census defined slum as residential area
where dwelling unfit for human habitation, because they depilated
cramped, poorly ventilated unclean, or any combination of these
factors which are detrimental to the safety and health and at least
60-70 households are considered as slums the by census. URBAN
SECTION 3 OF THE SLUM AREA IMPROVEMENT AND CLEARANCE ACT, 1956,
slums have been defined as mainly those residential areas where
dwellings are in any respect unfit for human habitation by reasons
of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of designs of
such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack
of ventilation, light, sanitation facilities or any combination of
these factors which are detrimental to safety, health and morals.
11
12. SLUM (NSSO) :-According to the National sample survey
organisations definition are identified by the presence of certain
undesirable living condition overcrowding, lack of hygiene and
sanitation, inadequacy of drinking water and poor construction and
at least 20 households was considered as slum by NSSO. SLUM (WORLD
BANK) :- As the World Bank defined slums are generally considered
to be places in cities where the poor are concentrated in
substandard conditions it emphasises multidimensional nature of
slums. SLUM (RAJIV AWAS YOJNA) :-A compact settlement at least of
20 households with a collection of poorly built tenements mostly of
temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary
and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions. 12
13. DEFINITION OF SLUMS BY SCHOLORS According to C.
Chandramouli, Registrar general & census commissioner puts it
as the slums for the purpose of the census has been defined as the
residential areas where dwelling units are unfit for human
habitations by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty
arrangements and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty
arrangements of street, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation
facilities or any combinations of these factors which are
detrimental to safety and health. According to Richard Florida, The
definition of the term slum includes the traditional meaning that
is, housing areas that were once respectable or even desirable, but
which have since deteriorated as the original dwellers have moved
to new and better areas of the cities. The condition of the old
houses has then declined, and the units have been progressively
subdivided and rented out to lower-income groups. According to
Benjamin Marx, Thomas stoker, and Tavneet suri (the economics of
slums in the developing world) In some parts of the developing
world, this growth has more-than-proportionately involved rural
migration to informal growth settlements in and around cities,
known more commonly as slums densely populated urban areas
characterized by poor-quality housing, a lack of adequate living
populated urban areas characterized by poor-quality housing, a lack
of adequate living space and public services, and accommodating
large numbers of informal residents pace and public services, and
accommodating large numbers of informal residents with generally
insecure tenure.
14. According to the New Oxford Dictionary of English a slum is
either a squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited
by very poor people and/or a house or building unfit for human
habitation. According to Henning Nuissl and Dirk Heinrichs (Slums:
perspectives on the definition, the appraisal and the management of
an urban phenomenon) The term slum was used to identify the poorest
quality housing and the most unsanitary conditions; a refuge for
marginal activities including crime, vice and drug abuse a place
apart from all that was decent and wholesome. According to Nisanth.
M, Dr. Rajeev.M.M, (Urban Governance and Slum Issues in Kollam
Corporation (Kerala State): A Case Study from an Indian state) A
slum is a compact area of overcrowded populations, poorly built,
congested dwelling condition, unhygienic environment usually with
inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and
drinking water facilities.
15. The operational definition of a slum that has been recently
recommended (by a United Nations Expert Group Meeting (EGM) held in
Nairobi from 28 to 30 October 2002) for future international usage
defines a slum as an area that combines, to various extents, the
following characteristics (restricted to the physical and legal
characteristics of the settlement, and excluding the more difficult
social dimensions): -inadequate access to safe water. -Inadequate
access to sanitation and other infrastructure. -poor structural
quality of housing. -overcrowding -insecure residential status
www.citiesalliance.org/.../expert-group-meeting-urban-indicators%5B1%
A slum is a compact area of overcrowded populations, poorly built,
congested dwelling condition, unhygienic environment usually with
inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and
drinking water facilities. (RESEARCH ARTICLE )Urban Governance and
Slum Issues in Kollam Corporation (Kerala State): A Case Study from
an Indian state Nisanth. M, Dr. Rajeev.M.M Faculty Department of
Social Work Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita University Kollam
Campus Kerala, India www.journalijar.com/uploads/65_IJAR-5779.pdf
15
16. The term slum is used in the report and in the MDGs in a
general context to describe a wide range of low- income settlements
and/or poor human living conditions. These inadequate housing
conditions exemplify the variety of manifestations of poverty as
defined in the Programme of Action adopted at the World Summit for
Social Development.
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1844070379United Nations
Human Settlements Programme - 2003 - Social Science According to
the Amitabh kundu A slum is a building, group of buildings or area
characterized by overcrowding, deterioration, insanitary conditions
or absence of facilities or amenities which because of these
conditions or any of them, endanger the health, safety or morals of
its inhabitants or the community
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0863111521
17. According to Webster's new world Dictionary Slum is a
populous area characterized by Poverty, poor housing etc.
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8176488925 National Housing
Authority of Thailand (NHA) defines a slum as a dirty, damp, swampy
or unhealthy area with overcrowded buildings and dwellings which
can be harmful for health or lives or can be a source of unlawful
or immoral actions, with a minimum number of 30 housing units per
1,600 square metres.
www.developmentprogress.org/sites/.../thailand_full-report-final.pdf
According to Hunter (1964) slum is a "blighted area," "renewal
area," deteriorated area," "gray area," "lower class neighborhood,"
"low income area," and "inner core area." "Slum" is a "good,
old-fashioned word that caries real meaning.
www.icrjmss.in/applications/2Sethuramalingam%20Slum%20A1.pdf
17
18. SLUM TYPOLOGY 18 SLUMS METRO CORE FORMAL TENEMENT S
HAND-ME- DOWNS BUILT FOR POOR PUBLIC HOUSING HOTELS, TOPHOUS ES,
etc. INFORMAL SQUATTER S AUTHORIZ ED UNAUTHO RIZED PAVEMENT -
DWELLERS PERIPHERRY FORMAL PRIVATE RENTAL PUBLIC HOUSING INFORMAL
PRIVATE SUBDIIVISI ONS OWNER- OCCUPIED RENTAL SQUATTER S AUTHORIZ
ED (INCLUDIN G SITE AND SERVICES) UNAUTHO RIZED
19. MAJOR CATEGORIES OF SLUM SPATIAL ANALYSIS ORIGIN AND AGE
HISTORY CITY- CENRE SLUMS SLUM ESTATS CONSOLIDATING INFORMAL
SETTLEMENTS RECENT SLUMS LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES CENTRAL SCATTERED
SLUM ISLANDS PERIPHERAL SIZE AND SCALE LARGE SLUM SETTLEMENTS
MEDIUM SIZE SLUM ESTATES SMALL SLUMS LEGALITY AND VULNERABILITY
ILLEGAL INFORMAL DEVEOPMENT STAGES: DYNAMIC AND DIAGNOSIS
COMMUNITIES / INDIVIDUALS LACKING INCENTIVE FOR IMPROVEMENT SLUMS
WITH ONGOING INDIVIDUAL- AND COMMUNITY-LED DEVELOPMENT
INTERVENTION- LED IMPROVED SLUMS UPGRADED SLUMS
20. All notified areas in a town or city notified as Slum by
State, UT Administration or Local Government under any Act
including a Slum Act Notified Slums Recognized Slums Identified
Slums Identification of Slums
21. All areas recognised as Slum by State, UT Administration or
Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been
formally notified as slum under any act Notified Slums Recognized
Slums Identified Slums Identification of Slums
22. A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70
households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic
environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in
proper sanitary and drinking water facilities (Identified).
Notified Slums Recognized Slums Identified Slums Identification of
Slums
23. PROBABLE REASONS FOR UPCOMING SLUMS Urbanization
Industrialization Higher productivity in the secondary/tertiary
sector against primary sector makes cities and towns centers of
economic growth and jobs. Cities act as beacons for the rural
population as they represent a higher standard of living and offer
opportunities to people not available in rural areas. This results
in large scale migration from rural to urban areas. Negative
consequences of urban pull results in upcoming of slums
characterized by housing shortage and critical inadequacies in
public utilities, overcrowding, unhygienic conditions, etc. Source:
PCA for Slum, 2011
24. CONSEQUENCES OF UNBALANCED URBANISATION Unplanned urban
growth, for instance cause growth of slums and squatter
settlements, varying affects on environmental degradation and
increased burden on existing infrastructure. The general problems
which are the by-product of certain kind of urbanisation
characteristic of low income countries are shortage of houses,
critical inadequacies in public utilities viz. Power, water, health
facilities, sanitation, deteriorating urban environment,
unemployment, congestion, acute poverty and slum proliferation.
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2580219
25. CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUM:- Lack of basic services Lack of
access to sanitation facilities and safe water Absence of waste
collection systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and
footpaths, street lighting and rainwater drainage A high number of
substandard housing structures, often built with non-permanent
materials unsuitable for housing given local conditions of climate
and location. For example, earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls or
straw roofs. Various space and dwelling placement bylaws may also
be extensively violated. overcrowding is associated with a low
space per person, high occupancy rates, cohabitation by different
families and a high number of single-room units. Many slum dwelling
units are overcrowded, with five and more persons sharing a
one-room unit used for cooking, sleeping and living. Bangkok
requires at least 15 dwelling units per rai (1600 square). 25
26. Unhealthy living conditions are the result of a lack of
basic services, with visible, open sewers, lack of pathways,
uncontrolled dumping of waste, polluted environments, etc. Houses
may be built on hazardous locations or land unsuitable for
settlement, such as floodplains, in proximity to industrial plants
with toxic emissions or waste disposal sites, and on areas subject
to landslip. The layout of the settlement may be hazardous because
of a lack of access ways and high densities of dilapidated
structures. number of definitions consider lack of security of
tenure as a central characteristic of slums, and regard lack of any
formal document entitling the occupant to occupy the land or
structure as prima facie evidence of illegality and slum
occupation. Informal or unplanned settlements are often regarded as
synonymous with slums. Many definitions emphasize both informality
of occupation and the non-compliance of settlements with land-use
plans. The main factors contributing to non-compliance are
settlements built on land reserved for non-residential purposes, or
which are invasions of non-urban land 26
27. SCHEMES FOR SLUMS SINCE INDEPENDENCE Classification of
programs implemented in India BASIC SERVICES PROGRAMMES SHELTER CUM
SERVICES PROGRAMMES SPECIAL PROGRAMMES Urban community development
Sites and services schemes (S&S) Integrated development of
small and medium towns (IDSMT) Environmental improvement of urban
slums (EIUS) / slum improvement programme (SIP) Slum upgradation
schemes (SUP) Mega city project Urban basic services for poor
(UBSP) Giving of pattas Accelerated urban water supply programme
Low cost sanitation (LCS) Basic services for urban poor (BSUP) /
integrated housing and slum development programme (IHSDP) Slum
networking programme (SNP) Rajiv awas yojana (RAY)
28. SCHEMES FOR SLUMS SINCE INDEPENDENCE The Independent India
has been urbanizing very fast. At the end of 20th century the
pattern of urbanization in India has been a spatially and
structurally unbalanced one. The process of urbanization has been
closely linked with the process and pattern of economic development
in the country. The policies of urban development and housing in
India have come a long way since 1950s. The urban policies could
directly contribute to achieve the goals of poverty alleviation and
removal of unemployment and under-employment. One significant fact
is that the Mega cities have been growing very slowly but cater to
the sizeable portion of urban population. Their age-old urban
infrastructure need to be upgraded for a healthy living.
29. FIVE YEAR PLAN The economy of India is based in part on
planning through its five-year plans, which are developed, executed
and monitored by the Planning Commission. The major aim is to make
India as a strong in economical condition and provide better
housing facilities so that different policies were launched in
India for providing this kind of facilities
30. FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-56) Construction of houses for
Government employees and weaker sections. Housing for the refugees
from Eastern and Western Pakistan Set up of new city- a) Chandigarh
city (Punjab) b) Sardar Nagar city (Ahmedabad) c) Gobind Nagar
& Hastanapur city (U.P) Introduction of Low income group
housing scheme (1954) At the end of a year about 1.3 million houses
were added
31. SECOND YEAR PLAN (1956-61) The Industrial Housing Scheme
was widened to cover all workers. Three new schemes were
introduced, namely, a. Rural Housing, b. Slum Clearance and c.
Sweepers Housing At the end of the year approx. 1.9 million houses
were added
32. Town & country Planning legislation has been enacted in
4 states i) Madras ii) Bombay iii) Hyderabad iv) Saurashtra
Establishment of new town a) Bhilai (Madhya Pradesh, now in
Chhattisgarh) b) Rourkela (Orissa) c) Durgapur & Chittaranjan
(West Bengal) d) Neiveli (Tamilnadu)
33. THIRD YEAR PLAN (1961-66) Setting of Central Housing Board
is at present under study A scheme for providing loan to Middle
Income Group, with funds provided by LIC. The plan aimed to
increase national income by 30% and agriculture production by 30%
and to promote economic developments in backward areas.
34. FOURTH YEAR PLAN (1969-74) The Plan stressed the need to
prevent further growth of population in large cities and need for
decongestion or dispersal of population Provision has been made for
establishment of a Cellular Concrete Plant at Ennore in Tamil
Naidu. Rural water supply scheme were taken up under the programme
of community development , local development Central Legislation
for prevention of pollution of water was under consideration.
35. FIFTH YEAR PLAN (1974-79) Provision of Urban Development
Programme were taken up in Bombay, Madras ,Calcutta and in other 9
cities(1974-75) Total provision of Rs. 256.13 crore has been made
for Urban Development. Main thrust of the programme was directed
towards ameliorating the condition of the backward Reiterated the
policies of the preceding Plans to promote smaller towns in new
urban centers.
36. SIX YEAR PLAN (1980-85) A provision of Rs. 96 crore has
been made for the scheme of The Integrated Development of Small and
Medium Towns (IDSMT). The Housing and Urban Development (HUDCO)and
General Insurance Corporation (GIC)have also entered the field of
rural housing. For the National Capital Region (NCR) Delhi. A
provision of Rs 10 crore has been made. A sum of Rs.1.60 crore is
being provided for research and development in order to improve the
formulation of policy on urbanization and urban development.
37. SEVEN YEAR PLAN (1985-1989) The plans includes a provision
of Rs. 930 crore in the states sector for provision of
infrastructure facilities. Board of NCR has been constituted under
the chairmanship o f Minister of Works and Housing Many states set
up Water Supply and Sewage Boards . The plan introduced programs
like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana(1989).
38. EIGHT YEAR PLAN (1992-1997) For the first time explicitly
recognized the role and importance of urban sector for the national
economy. Long term objectives Shelter for All. To check the
increasing population growth by creating mass awareness programs.
To strengthen the infrastructural facilities
39. 9TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002) focused on increasing
agricultural and rural income and to improve the conditions of the
marginal farmer and landless labourers Social Schemes are
implemented in state sector with state plan provision and loan
assistance from HUDCO and other financial institution. The cabinet
since has been taken a decision to repel ULCRA.(Urban land and
regulation act,1976)
40. 10TH FIVE YEAR PLAN 2002-2007) Strengthening of vulnerable
houses in EWS & LIG category,. National Urban Housing and
Habitat Policy, 2007 was announced in December 2007. Taking into
account emerging challenges of required shelter and growth of
slums, the first ever urban areas specific Public private
partnerships brought to the urban agenda
41. 11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007- 2012) PPP are preferred mode for
construction and operation of infrastructure services. Yojana for
Expressway across the country Telecom revolution The Jawaharlal
Nehru national urban renewal mission (JNNURM) is directed to
provide improved urban services.
42. 42 12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN(2012-2017) The government on 4th
October approved the 12th five year plan (2012-17) that set average
growth target at 8.2 percent. The theme of the Approach Paper is
FASTER, SUSTAINABLE AND MORE INCLUSIVE GROWTH . OBJECTIVES:- Basic
objective : Faster, More Inclusive, and Sustainable Growth. Could
aim at 9.0 to 9.5 percent and For growth to be more inclusive we
need: Better performance in agriculture, Faster creation of jobs,
especially in manufacturing, Stronger efforts at health, education
and Infrastructure. Special plans for disadvantaged/backward
regions.
43. 43 STRATEGIC CHALLENGES Based on an intensive process
within the Commission, following "Twelve Strategy Challenges" have
been identified 1. Enhancing the Capacity for Growth 2. Enhancing
Skills and Faster Generation of Employment 3. Managing the
Environment 4. Markets for Efficiency and Inclusion 5.
Decentralization, Empowerment and Information 6. Technology and
Innovation 7. Securing the Energy Future for India 8. Accelerated
Development of Transport Infrastructure 9. Rural Transformation and
Sustained Growth of Agriculture 10. Managing Urbanization 11.
Improved Access to Quality Education 12. Better Preventive and
Curative Health Care
44. SCHEMES UNDER 12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN Government has stepped up
its focus and launched multiple schemes to facilitate urban renewal
and development. This includes the flagship schemes of Jawaharlal
Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Rajiv Awas Yojana
(RAY), Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) among many
others. NATIONAL MISSION ON CAPACITY BUILDING FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Rajiv Awas Yojana
(RAY) Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) NATIONAL URBAN
LIVELIHOOD MISSION HAVING TWO ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS: SCHEME FOR
SUPPORT TO STREET VENDORS SCHEME FOR ASSISTANCE TO THE STATES FOR
PROVISION OF SHELTERS. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
SCHEME FOR MECHANICAL CLEANING OF SEPTIC TANKS
45. SCHEMES & PROGRAMMES FOR SLUM REHABILATION JAWAHARLAL
NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION (JNNURM) It aims to assist
state governments in providing housing and basic services to urban
poor/ slum dwellers in 65 select cities under the Sub Mission Basic
Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP). It runs under the Integrated
Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) in cities and towns
other than ones mentioned above. It was launched on December 3,
2005 for a duration of 7 years beginning 2005-06. It now extends up
to March, 2015 for completion of projects sanctioned up to March
2012. 45
46. RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY) Launched June 2011 (pilot phase)
Implementation phase - launched on 3.9.2013 for 2013-2022. The
centrally sponsored scheme covers all the cities/UAs. The
beneficiary cities/UAs are to be selected by the relevant states in
consultation with the Centre. Central government to provide
assistance of 50% of the project cost for Cities/ UAs with
Population more than 5 lakhs For those having population less than
5 lakhs it jumps to 75%. North-Eastern Region and special category
States (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand)
will enjoy central assistance of 80% of the total cost. There is an
upper ceiling of Rs. 5 lakh per Dwelling Unit (DU) for cities with
population more than 5 lakhs plus all North-Eastern / special
category States/towns. This ceiling is Rs. 4 lakhs per DU for
smaller cities with population less than 5 lakhs 46
47. RAJIV RINN YOJANA (RRY) This Central Sector Scheme (CSS) is
applicable to all the urban areas of the Country. It is meant to
address the housing needs of the EWS/LIG segments through enhanced
credit flow. The scheme provides interest subsidy of 5% (500 basis
points) on loans granted to Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and
Low Income Group (LIG) categories to construct or renovate their
houses. The upper loan limit is Rs. 5 lakh for EWS and 8 lakh for
LIG. Interest subsidy will only cover the first Rs. 5 lakh of the
loan amount and not beyond
http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/schemes-for-slum-dwellers-and-urban-
poor_art530741ffd1429.html#.VqmtQYUrLIU
48. URBAN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (UCD) PROGRAMME launched in
1966 as a centrally sponsored scheme, got transferred to the state
sector in 1969 This programme aimed to involve the community in the
improvement of slum (included provision of facilities such as sewer
lines, public stand-posts, roads, street lights etc.) provision of
health facilities and the construction of dwelling units (included
as a part of the project) thereby reducing the cost of the project
and for the post-project maintenance. It was successfully
implemented in Hyderabad2 in three major stages, namely, granting
pattas (tenure regularisation), finalising the layout plan of the
colony and actual construction of the dwelling units. The project
has delivered nearly 20,000 pattas and upgraded 12,000 houses
(Adusumilli 2001). 48
49. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS (EIUS) AND SLUM
IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (SIP) concerned with the physical improvement
of slums through provision of a standard package of community
facilities, such as provision of water taps, open drains for
outflow of wastewater, storm water drains, community bath and
latrines, widening and paving of existing lanes and street
lighting. However, both programmes were restricted to authorised /
notified slums (Mahadevia 2002). Both schemes differed in terms of
implementation, the former being implemented through the grants of
the central government while under the latter, in some instances
the slum dwellers had to pay back the total cost of improvement.
Launched in 1972 with total assistance from the central government
the EIUS was transferred to the state sector under the Minimum
Needs Programme (MNP) during the Fifth Five Year Plan. Part of the
funds was required to come from the state government. In the Eighth
Five Year Plan, the scheme was taken up along with Urban Basic
Services for the Poor (UBSP), Low Cost Sanitation (LCS), and Nehru
Rojgar Yojana (NRY) under the Urban Poverty Alleviation Programme.
This schemes coverage remained inadequate because very low grant
per family was made available.
50. URBAN BASIC SERVICES FOR POOR (UBSP) an integrated approach
to improve conditions in the slums. Though, its focus was on women
and children, the entire population benefited from it. The
components of the programme were health and nutrition, education
for women and children, water supply and sanitation (included
installation of hand-pumps and construction of low cost pour-flush
latrines), training of community workers and development of
community organisations in the slums. Part of the programme cost
was also shared by the user. This programme was initiated by the
UNICEF in 1976 and since then the financial participation of the
central government, the state government and the UNICEF was in the
proportion of 20:40:40 (Kundu 1993). This programme differed from
the EIUS / SIP in two major aspects. First, unlike the EIUS / SIP,
it was an integrated programme and not mere physical improvement of
slum. Secondly, it required financial as well as organisational
participation of slum dwellers, thereby reduced the possibilities
of future displacements (Kundu et al. 1996). The UBSP was
discontinued in 1997 during the Ninth Five Year Plan. 50
51. THE SLUM UPGRADATION PROGRAMME (SUP) started in the Fifth
Five Year Plan at the instance of the World Bank and mainly
provided shelter and basic services, like the SIP. However, two
main distinguishing factors between SIP and SUP were that the
latter included the requirement of giving of land patta on a
leasehold or freehold basis and availability of a Home Improvement
Loan (HIL) for shelter upgradation to the beneficiary on an
optional basis (Mahadevia 2002). The SUP was of two types, one
where the pattas were given to individual households on a freehold
basis. The MUDP-I and II and the TUDP were examples of this.
51
52. THE VARIOUS STAKE-HOLDERS INVOLVED IN THE SCHEME ARE: Slum
rehabilitation authority National government of organization Slum
dwellers and association
http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-5-ahmedabad-slumrehab-schemes-see-light-of-day-1906031
52
53. 2015 SCHEMES SLUM IMPROVEMENT The Union Cabinet chaired by
the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, today gave its approval for
launch of Housing for All by 2022 aimed for urban areas with
following components/options to States/Union Territories and
cities:- Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with participation of
private developers using land as a resource; Promotion of
affordable housing for weaker section through credit linked
subsidy; Affordable housing in partnership with Public &
Private sectors and Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house
construction or enhancement articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com
53
54. GOVT LAUNCHES HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022' SCHEME Government on
Wednesday launched its 'Housing for All by 2022' mission approved a
substantial increase in interest relief on loan for the urban poor
to promote affordable homes. The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi accepted the recommendations of an
Inter-Ministerial Committee to increase interest subvention to 6.50
per cent on housing loans to beneficiaries belonging to economic
weaker section (EWS) including slum- dwellers and low income groups
(LIGs).
http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/govt-launches-housing-for-all-by-2022-
scheme_1516721.html?utm_source=ref_article
55. TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR SLUM Indias 10th Five Year Plan
noted that the urban slum population is growing despite sharp
reductions in poverty and rising incomes. The central and several
state governments recognized the need for intervention by
initiating, or enlarging existing urban housing and other slum
subsidy programs. With this in mind, the Government of India (GOI)
has requested a loan from the World Bank to implement a more
effective strategy and delivery mechanism for the financing of
urban slum improvement and sanitation provision in underserved
areas. In order to support the GOI to achieve the goals delineated
in 10th Five-year Development Plan concerning slum improvement and
poverty alleviation in urban areas, the Bank has agreed to consider
a program that will focus on (a) refining the national policy
framework for the upgrading of urban slums and sanitation in
underserved areas in India; (b) working with the states and various
beneficiaries to establish a methodology which measures program
performance of both the GOI and the states, and identifies concrete
monitor able steps that can be taken to improve this performance;
(c) developing appropriate monitoring mechanisms to enable the
evaluation and modification or redesign of the programs which would
improve the transparency, efficiency, administrative simplicity,
and targeting of the assistance; and (d) developing funding schemes
for slum improvement and sanitation that could provide incentives
so that resources are used more effectively and the program reach
expanded. In doing so, the program will: (i) contribute to poverty
alleviation in the poorest urban areas in India; (ii) strengthen
human capital in poor neighborhoods by increasing community
participation in planning, delivery and maintenance of public works
and services; (iii) improve the efficacy of the use of more than
$400 million of annual government expenditures on these programs.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1269364699096/6892630-
1269364758309/buckley.pdf
56. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PROGRAMS FOR THE URBAN AND RURAL POOR
PLAN ALLOCATIONS FOR 2001-02 IN RUPEES MILLIONS Sources: Annual
Report MUDPA, 2001-02, Annual Plan, Planning Commission, 2001-02
and Annual Report MRD 2001-02. Adapted from World Bank Urban
Strategy for India, 2002. 1. THE NATIONAL SLUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
(NSDP) launched in 1996. Annually, the program provides about Rs.
400 crores in assistance. The objective of the program is slum
upgrading through the provision of physical amenities, community
infrastructure, health care and social amenities. Up to 10% of the
funds can be used for housing construction/upgradation. The
Planning Commission allocates funds annually, in proportion to the
share of the national slum population in each State or Union
Territories (UT). Then the Ministry of Finance releases the funds
to the States or the UT. MOUD&PA is the Nodal Ministry
responsible for monitoring and for the implementation guidelines.
Neighborhood Committees and Community Development Societies should
implement the NSDP at the local level. 10 Slum Development
Committees, including elected representatives from ULBs, NGOs and
community-based organizations, should oversee them. The program has
both loan and subsidy components. For the larger States, loans
constitute 70% and subsidies 30% of total allocated funds. For the
smaller States, the loan component is only 10% and the subsidy 90%.
All construction is undertaken by contractors
57. 2. VALMIKI AMBEDKAR AWAS YOJANA (VAMBAY) initiated in 2001
was designed to address housing deficits for the urban poor. It
provides about Rs. 300 crores of annual assistance to designated
state agencies who then determine beneficiaries and monitor the
implementation. The state government must provide the beneficiaries
with a title and/or land as a pre-condition for the loan or
subsidy. Its goal is to achieve Cities without Slums by providing
or upgrading shelter for people living below the poverty line in
urban slums including members of Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)
who do not possess adequate shelter. The scheme also addresses the
lack of rudimentary toilet facilities with a National City
Sanitation Project, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. GOI mandates State
governments to use twenty percent of the total allocation under
VAMBAY for the National Sanitation Project. The rest of the scheme
funding provides matching subsidies and HUDCO loans to title
holding beneficiaries to build or upgrade a house. Funds from
VAMBAY can only be used in notified slums11. In addition, GOI does
not release the funds to the state government until they receive
the States 50% matching fund. Very often, the state government
provides land on which to build the house. All construction is
undertaken by contractors.
58. 3. INDIRA AWAAS YOJANA (IAY) initiated in 1986 as a part of
the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program after which it
became part of the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana in 1989. In 1996, it took
effect as an independent scheme to provide grants for housing
construction to rural residents who are below the poverty line. A
minimum of sixty percent of funds are reserved for Scheduled
Caste/Tribe (SC/ST) households. The beneficiaries are selected by
the Village Panchayats based on the list of those households in the
target area who are below the poverty line. Rs. 20000 is provided
to selected beneficiaries to build a new home or Rs. 10000 is
provided for upgrading existing houses. Selection of construction
technology, design of houses, and purchase of construction material
is left to the beneficiaries. The dwelling units are required to be
in the name of the female member of beneficiary household. The
beneficiaries are strongly encouraged to build sanitation
facilities as part of the dwelling unit. Cooking facilities
(chimneys) that are fuel-efficient and smoke-free are also required
in the dwelling facilities. Forth purpose of guidance and
monitoring of construction, voluntary agencies with a good track
record are encouraged to be active in the implementation of the
IAY. The Center allocates funds to the states on the basis of the
proportion of rural poor in the state to the total rural poor in
the country. Within the states, the same formula is used to
distribute funds between districts. Eighty percent of the total
funds come from the central government and twenty percent from the
states.
59. 4. URBAN ASHRAYA HOUSING PROGRAM is part of a Government of
Karnataka scheme that provides housing to those who are homeless.
The scheme aims to provide 300,000 urban units and 800,000 rural
units to households living below the poverty line. The state grants
15-year loans of Rs. 40,000 to beneficiaries in larger cities and
Rs. 25,000 for those in smaller cities. In addition, beneficiaries
must make a minimum contribution of Rs. 5,000. Since the inception
of this scheme, 80,879 houses have been built in urban areas under
the supervision of the Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corporation
Limited (RGRHCL). The program does not specify the design or
construction of the house and beneficiaries are given the option of
building the houses themselves. The Government of Karnataka selects
beneficiaries based on a 1995 survey of siteless/houseless persons
and those who has their own site but were houseless which is
periodically updated by the municipality. the state government
provides land on which to build the house.
60. 5. MYTHRI HOUSING SCHEME the primary Government of Kerala
housing scheme from 1996 to 2002. In this period, the Kerala State
Housing Board implemented the scheme and financed over 270,000
homes under this scheme. Beneficiaries who qualified for the
program could get Rs 9000/- in capital subsidies (cash grants) and
Rs 19000/- in loans at 5.5% interest rates. The beneficiaries had
to own 1.6 cents and had to make a minimum contribution of Rs
2500/- to avail of the program. The program does not specify the
design or construction of the house. The Government of Kerala
selected the beneficiaries based on whether they fit four of the
nine criteria that identifies Below Poverty Line households.
Kudumbhashree, a poverty eradication program implemented by the
Kerala government, undertook the targeting for this program
61. 6. BHAVANASHREE HOUSING PROGRAM a new program that is
designed to be subsidy free, comes under the highly successful
Kudumbhashree program undertaken by the Kerala state government.
Under this program, ten to fifteen years loans ranging between Rs
30000/- and Rs 40000/- are allocated to needy households. For this
purpose, the Community Development Societies have negotiated bulk
loans from financial institutions. The program gives the
beneficiaries a choice in the duration and the amount of the loan.
The interest rates range between 7% and 7.5%. The Kerala Government
calls the program a subsidy free program because of the absence of
explicit subsidies and subsidy-free interest rates (the negotiated
interest rates with Housing Financial Institutions are 7% or less).
The beneficiaries are those identified to be below the poverty line
and who are members of the CDS. Like the Mythri program, the
beneficiaries have to own 1.6 cents of land to qualify for the
program.
62. 7. PUNE MUNICIPALITY SANITATION PROJECT Over the last fifty
years, the Government of India has funded various sanitation
initiatives around the country. Most of these were haphazard
efforts at constructing public use toilets that over time became
dysfunctional due to poor mechanisms that oversaw maintenance and
design. Nevertheless, more recently, there have been some signs of
success. In Pune, a major sanitation initiative resulted in the
construction of 475 sanitation units, with each unit ranging
between 10 to 60 seats. In total 10,000 toilet seats were provided.
For a city with a slum population of 600,000, this is a major
initiative. What makes this initiative worth closer study is the
fact that while the capital costs of Rs 40 crores were covered by
the Pune Municipal Corporation, community based organizations
(CBOs) have agreed to be responsible for the maintenance. This
addresses one of the main causes of the failures of earlier
programs. Furthermore, under this program, a slum family is
required to contribute a nominal monthly amount for the use of the
facilities. This contributes to making this program more efficient
and sustainable
63. 8. NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN A new National City Sanitation
Project under the title of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan is an integral sub
component of VAMBAY. Twenty per cent of the total allocation under
VAMBAY is dedicated to the construction of community sanitation
facilities. Of this 20%, fifty percent will be in the form of a
subsidy and fifty percent as an HUDCO loan. The State
Governments/Local Bodies will be free to supplement this amount
with their own grant or subsidy as the case may be. Each toilet
block will be maintained by a group from among the slum dwellers
who will make a monthly contribution of about Rs.20 or so per
family and obtain a monthly pass or family card.
64. Out of 4,041 Statutory Towns in Census 2011 Slums reported
from 2,543 Towns (63%) Total Slum Enumeration Blocks (SEBs) in
Census 2011 is about 1.08 lakh in the country Largest number of
Slum EBs reported from Maharashtra (21,359) Towns Reporting Slums
India : Census 2011
65. Notified Slums 37,072 Recognised Slums 30,846 Identified
Slums 40,309 Total: 1,08,227 Blocks Number of Slum Blocks by Type
of Slums India : Census 2011
66. Notified Slums 49.65 lakh HHs Recognised Slums 37.96 lakh
HHs Identified Slums 49.88 lakh HHs Total: 137.49 lakh HHs
Households by Type of Slums India : Census 2011
67. BHOPAL SCENARIO According to a UN Habitat study (2006),
Bhopal has a slum population of 128,170 households living in 380
slums. According to the Directorate of Food and Civil Supplies,
Government of Madhya Pradesh, 122,076 families were issued BPL
cards in keeping with their economic status in the year 1997-98.
The average size of households in Bhopal city was 5.2 (Census
2001), making the slum population over 6 lakhs according to either
of the above estimates. The 2001 India Census shows a decrease of
8.8% of the city population living in slum-like conditions in 1991
census to 37.6 % in 2001 in spite of a more inclusive nature of the
definition of slums in 2001. The quantum of population living in
slums is also reflected as having dropped drastically in absolute
numbers from 399,662 to 126,346, which is not at all reflected on
the face of the city and has no logical explanation; it also does
not correlate with other documents of the local administration and
therefore cannot be considered reliable.
mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2378&alt=1
67
68. NUMBER OF STATUTORY AND SLUM REPORTED TOWNS WITH TYPE WISE
SLUM POPULATION IN MP AND EAG STATES, CENSUS 2011 Name of
State/Union territory Towns Type wise Slum Population Statutory
towns Slum reported towns Total Population Notified Slums
Recognized Slums Identified Slums INDIA 4041 2613 6,54,94,604
2,25,35,133 2,01,31,336 2,28,28,135 MADHYA PRADESH 364 303
56,88,993 19,00,942 25,30,637 12,57,414 UTTARAKHAND 74 31 4,87,741
1,85,832 52,278 2,49,631 RAJASTHAN 185 107 20,68,000 0 0 20,68,000
UTTAR PRADESH 648 293 62,39,965 5,62,548 46,78,326 9,99,091 BIHAR
139 88 12,37,682 0 0 12,37,682 ODISHA 107 76 15,60,303 0 8,12,737
7,47,566 JHARKHAND 40 31 3,72,999 64,399 59,432 2,49,168
CHHATTISGARH 168 94 18,98,931 7,13,654 7,64,851 4,20,426 Source:
India-Slum data (PPT) from ORGI website State/town Slum PCA of 1103
towns reporting slum population-2001 from ORGI PCA for Slum,
2011-India & MP
69. NUMBER OF TOWNS HAVING SLUMS : INDIA & MADHYA PRADESH
Indicator Census 2001 Census 2011 Statutory towns Slum reported
towns Statutory towns Slum reported towns INDIA 3799 1743 4041 2613
MADHYA PRADESH 339 142 364 303 Source: India-Slum data (PPT) from
ORGI website State/town Slum PCA of 1103 towns reporting slum
population-2001 from ORGI PCA for Slum, 2011-India & MP
70. PROJECTS FOR SLUM IN BHOPAL (AREAS OF BHOPAL) 70 S.No.
Project 1. Slum and poor locality integrated area development
scheme phase.1 (Bhopal) 2. Slum and poor locality integrated area
development scheme phase.2 (Bhopal) 3. Rehabillition of slum
dwellers at baba nagar slum by municipal corporation of bhopal.,
shahpura. 4. Infrastructure facilities at roshanpura. 5. Houses
with infrastructure facilities at shyam nagar. 6. Housing with
basic infrastructural facilities inderpuri (kalpna nagar), bhopal
7. Housing with basic infrastructure facilities including
development of (weekly market) kotra, bhopal 8. Rehabillition of
slum areas ganga nagar and aradhna nagar at kotra, bhopal 9.
Rehabillition of indra nagar (phase.1) 10. Development of
residential colony for slum dwellers at indra nagar (phase.2) 11.
Rehabillition of bajpainagar, police line , ayub nagar etc. 12.
Redevelopment of identified slums of Arjun nagar, bhim nagar,
madrasi colony and Rahul nagar in city of bhopal 13. 2858 du Bsup
for slum redevelopment and rehabilition of identified slums part 1
(bharat mata nagar, naya basera &Arjun nagar) 14. 2299 Du Bsup
project for slum redevelopment and rehabilition of identified
identified slums (housing development) part 2
71. THE `PATTA ACT, 1984 and 1998 The Madhya Pradesh Nagariya
Kshetron Ke Bhoomihin Vyakti (Pattadhruti Adhikaron Ka Pradan Kiya
Jana) Adhiniyam, 1984, popularly known as the `Patta Act was
introduced to grant leasehold rights to the landless persons
occupying urban lands. The Act was amended in 1998 under Rajiv
Gandhi Aashray Abhiyan to extend the cut off date of eligibility to
31st May 1998. In addition, the plot areas were revised for
different categories of cities (1000 to 600 square feet) and lease
rent per square feet per year for 10 years was introduced at the
rate of Rs. 1.00 for Nagar Panchayats, Rs. 1.50 for other towns and
Rs. 2.00 for Rajbhogi cities (Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior and
Raipur). The most important amendment in the Act was to introduce
the Mohalla Samitis with the intent to empower the community in the
planning and management of the development and social welfare.
Under the `Patta Act, three categories of pattas are given,
category `ka (A) for the registration of disputed cases, category
`kha (B) for permanent lease of 30 years and category `gha (C) for
temporary lease of 1 year.
www.mpurban.gov.in/pdf/pattaactenglish.pdf 71
72. CDS and the Role of DUDA (District Urban Development
Authority) District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) under the
Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (UPAP) of the Central Government
has created community Development Societies (CDS). The CDS
structure does not cover all the slums in Bhopal. Amongst the 20
slums covered the tally reads as below. source:- slum networking of
bhopal for government of Madhya pradesh 72 State of CDS No. Active
CDS 5 RCVs and CDS chairperson but nothing in-between 3 No CDS 12
Active women leadership but not a CDS / mahila mandal 2
73. The CDS is seen by most residents as a sort of government
program from which one can access money. The thrust has been more
on the formation of thrift and credit groups rather than on
empowering the CDS. The role and reach of DUDA in slums in Bhopal
is linked to the implementation of community schemes. One observed
that while their identity vis-visa the CDS chairperson or woman
community leader was established, there was no contact with the
larger community. In addition, they have not covered the entire
city. While it is not expected or anticipated that there be a
contact with every household, it needs to be recognized that DUDA
is a scheme implementer rather than a community development wing of
the government. Source:- CDP BHOPAL 73 Slum formation Poverty, lack
of affordable houses Income inequality, lack of economic growth,
in- migration
74. ORGANISATIONS WORKING ON SLUMS: A CASE OF BHOPAL T&CP-
town and country planning BDA- Bhopal development authority
UADD-Urban Administration and Development Department BMC- Bhopal
municipal corporation
75. REASONS OF ORIGIN 1. The Technical branch of Ministry of
Urban Development. 2. Consultant and Advisory organization on
matters like urban and regional planning strategies, research,
appraisal, and monitoring of central government schemes and
development policies. 3. Agency for assistance to Central Govt.,
State Govt., Local Development Authorities on the matters
pertaining to urbanization, town planning, urban transportation,
metropolitan planning, human settlement policies, planning
legislation TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
76. MAJOR FUNCTIONS i) It is the highest body of Town and
Country Planning working at national level. ii) Appraisal and
monitoring of central sector projects / programs. iii) Advice to
the Ministry of Urban Development, Planning Commission and other
Central Ministries in Urban Development policies and strategies.
iv) Technical advice and assistance to State Town and Country
Planning Departments. v) Undertaking applied research in areas of
topical interest.
77. CONTI. i) Preparation of Manuals and Guides on various
aspects of planning and development. ii) Organizing training
programs, conferences and workshops for in-service planners and
officials in the field of urban and regional planning and
development. iii) Providing consultancy services in planning
projects at various levels. iv) Developing Urban and Regional
Information System.
78. HIERARCHY i) At national level TCPO is the acting
organization. ii) The State level Head is the Secretary of Housing
and Environment Department. iii) At state level, The Directorate of
TNCP is the acting agency, which has Director, Joint Director and
Assistant Director along with the working staff.
79. ROLES 1. Preparation of Master Plan of the Town. 2.
Providing technical assistance to the Local Bodies and implementing
agencies. 3. Technical advices for the implementation of the MUD
schemes. 4. Approving any kind of development that happens in the
town, based on the Master Plan and the Building Bye Laws.
80. JURISDICTION 1. TNCP prepares the Master Plan for the Urban
Area which is under the Municipal Boundary of the town. 2. It also
includes the area that are to be developed within the duration for
the Master Plan. 3. For some special schemes and projects, it
provides technical assistance to the agencies working outside the
Municipal Corporation boundary. Such as : In the Pondichery
Region.
81. MAJOR WORKING SCHEMES 1. Integrated Development of Small
and Medium Towns 2. Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for
Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) 3. Urban Mapping Scheme 4.
National Urban Information System (NUIS) 5. Jawaharlal Lal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
82. Development of Small and Medium Towns 1. Centrally
Sponsored Scheme, Since 1979-80 2. Development of selected regional
growth centers with infrastructure and service facilities. 3. Since
inception of the scheme till end of the financial year 2004-05, it
has been implemented on 1854 towns 4. The ROLE of TNCP : 1.
Provides technical advices to the Local Bodies 2. Prepares a
development plan
83. Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small &
Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) 1. The components for assistance under the
scheme include all urban infrastructure development projects : 1.
Urban Renewal 2. Water Supply 3. Sewerage and Solid Waste
Management 4. Development of heritage areas 5. Prevention &
rehabilitation of soil erosion/landslides only in case of Special
Category States where such problems are common 2. The components
which are not under the scheme : i) Power and telecommunication
works, ii) Rolling stock like buses and trams, iii) Health and
educational institutions, iv) Urban Transport (MRTS, LRTS etc.) v)
Wage employment programme and staff component vi) Maintenance
work
84. Urban Mapping Scheme 1. Preparation of a large scale Base
maps of various towns. 2. Started in the 8th five year plan. 3. 53
towns covered in total. 1. 25 towns in first phase, which have non
digital maps. 2. 28 towns in second phase, which have Digital maps
also. 4. Further, to test the efficacy of the maps generated under
the scheme, two towns viz. Khammam and Nainital have been taken up
as pilot studies for generation of GIS database to enable
preparation of Master Plan. 5. The various district level TNCP are
responsible for the preparation of the Base Map.
85. National Urban Information System (NUIS) 1. Two major
components: 1. Urban Spatial Information System Scheme 2.
(USIS)National Urban Data Bank and Indicators (NUDBI) 2. Use : i)
Preparation of Master Plan and Zonal Plan ii) Disaster Management
Plan for towns iii) Traffic Management System iv) Operation and
management of water supply and sewerage system.
86. Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
1. Under JNNURM, Chief Planner, TCPO is a member of the Central
Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee of the Sub-Mission for Urban
Infrastructure and Governance, as well as Sub-Mission on Basic
Services to the Urban Poor 2. TCPO will provide technical inputs
for monitoring and sanctioning of the projects as well as in
scrutinizing the City Development Plans and Detailed Project
Reports
87. LOCATION OF BHOPAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY The Bhopal
Development Authority was constituted in October 1976, under the
Bhopal Development Authority Act, 1974 by the Government of Madhya
Pradesh.
88. Jurisdiction: municipal limits of Bhopal
89. INTRODUCTION In 1973, the city had a 'City Improvement
Trust', to assist the Bhopal municipal body in its developmental
activities. In 1973, the Improvement Trust converted to Bhopal
Development Authority (BDA) under the Madhya Pradesh Town and
Country Planning Act, 1973. Primarily, BDA develops new residential
areas, responsible for developing basic infrastructure. Once a
sizable number of plots are sold, the area is formally transferred
to BMC, which is then responsible for the maintenance of the
infrastructure in the area. BDA transfers the developed Residential
areas to BMC for maintenance. BDA has taken up a number of
development schemes like construction of some major roads, traffic
squares etc. The Constitution of the Body of BDA is done by State
Government where members are notified as the provisions of the Act,
Commissioner BMC is member of the BDA Board in that capacity.
Bhopal Development Authority, Capital Project Administration and
Lake Conservation Authority. The Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram
Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) provides for formation of development
authorities in the State. The primary objective of BDA is the
implementation of the development plan prepared by the T&CPD
for Bhopal planning area, which includes the area under the
jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Bhopal (BMC) and
surrounding villages.
90. OBJECTIVES OF BDA 1. Promote and secure the development of
the development area according to plan 2. Acquire, hold, manage
& dispose of land & other property 3. Carry out building,
engineering, mining and other operations 4. Execute works in
connection with the supply of water and electricity, to dispose of
sewage 5. Provide and maintain other services and amenities ROLE OF
BDA- LAND DEVELOPMENT 1. Develops new residential areas to develop
basic infrastructure. 2. Transfers the developed Residential areas
to BMC for maintenance. 3. Development schemes
91. FUNCTIONS OF BDA- AN OVERVIEW Master Plan
implementation(after the approval of the master plan by T&CP )
Gives NOC Affordable housing .( sold at range of 5 lakhs-10 lakhs )
Maintenance of roads Design approval Sewage Land given on lease
basis.
92. PARAMETERS ON WHICH BDA WORKS Sanitation- design &
layout Water Supply I. Installation of overhead tanks II. demand
water supply lines from the BMC. Road network I. Development of the
roadsstate govt. II. roads around the projects developed by them
Housing I. Affordable Housing II. Provides building permits &
validation of byelaws
93. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE Authority Board Chairman CEO Sub CEO
PLANNING BRANCH Main Architectural Planner Architectural Assistant
Planner TECHNOLOGY BRANCH Superintending Engineer EE Assistant
Engineer Sub Engineer REVENU E BRANCH Property Officer Revenue
Officer ACCOUN TS Account Officer Accounta nt ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH
Administrative Officer Superintendent http://bda.org.in/
94. TOOLS Zoning regulation Sub-division regulations Building
bye-laws Architectural control PROCESS Acquisition of government
land Formulation of schemes Approval from TNCP Building permission
from BMC Note:- financing of projects is done via the govt. land
Jurisdiction upon the planning area of Bhopal
95. MAIN FUNCTIONS Master Plan implementation NOC is given from
this department(Gives NOC) Affordable housing(for LIG, EWS only)-
These houses can be sold at range of 5 lakhs-10 lakhs only. No
variation other then this is allowed. Over 25 running schemes and
projects Maintenance of roads(All coming in the municipal limits of
Bhopal) Design approval Sewage Building permissions are also given
in this department Land based government policies are handled by
the department. Land is given on lease basis. Scheme
coordination/Land use
96. Sanctioning and Implementing Agencies Non-conforming land
uses and major nonaligned sections towards the periphery of the
corporation shall be corrected with improved co-ordination between
the implementing agencies, BMC BDA and TCP necessary changes shall
be incorporated in the development plan. Sewers not connected to
overall system. The colonies in which internal sewer network is
laid by BDA/Housing Board or by private colonizers like NRI colony
are connected by Septic Tanks. The over flow from septic tanks is
to be connected to the overall existing sewer system. (Time frame;
2 2half years)
97. URBAN ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT (UADD)
BRIEF OF THE DEPARTMENT Urban administration and development
department , now urban development and environment department is
responsible for inspection of ULBs through 7 divisional offices.
UADD is responsible for implementation of different
acts/rules/orders and circulars. Inspection of divisional offices
and ULBs. Responsible for preparation of details/ notes/proposals
desired by central government. Assuring the proper execution of
order given by chief secretary. Responsible for works assigned by
chief secretary.
98. REASONS FOR ITS ESTABLISHMENT Madhya Pradesh administrative
boundaries has 377 ULBs of which 14 are municipal corporations, 100
are municipal councils and 283 are municipalities. UADD has been
established in order to inspect, govern and assist working of thes
urban local bodies. PLACE OF D.A. IN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UADD is
headed by commissioner and is apex department for inspection of
work done by all ULBs. It works under the state government. It is
also responsible for works assigned by central government at
administrative levels.
99. ROLES OF UADD SANITATION The sewerage component is proposed
for high-density city center areas where co-site or local
wastewater treatment is not appropriate due to insufficient space.
Sewage treatment will be using low-cost maintenance/ waste
stabilization ponds. WATER SUPPLY This component includes:- 1.
optimizing of the present system, including reducing non revenue
water by legitimizing unauthorized connections and stopping
leakages 2. expanding the distribution system into unserved areas
3. augmenting surface water production (intake and treatment) as
required. ROAD NETWORK Traffic and transportation projects, parking
policy, CMP, urban transport policy etc.
100. HOUSING AND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS project inspections under
programs of SJSRY , slum relocation, Bhopal slum networking plan,
financial works under IHSDP. HEALTH/SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT This
component will increase the efficiency of the collection and
disposal service and extent coverage. The targets are 85% of
households n urban centers and 60% in peripheral areas. The program
for Bhopal ,Indore, and Jabalpur city includes: 1. supply of
community waste collection containers. 2. supply of compactor
trucks and dumper placer vehicles. 3. civil works to construct
sanitary landfill sites with provision of equipment and other
facilities for handling refuse. TOURISM Projects under IHCN (Indian
heritage cities network) programme.
101. BHOPAL MUNICIPAL COROPRATION Bhopal, the capital of Madhya
Pradesh counts amongst most developing cities of India. Apart from
its picturesque location it is one of the major economic centre in
central india. The city itself has expanded both in terms of size
and infrastructure. The credit for up keeping the ever growing city
goes to bhopal municipal corporation which is also responsible for
the civil infrastructure development of the city. The whole area of
285 sq. km comes under BMC. The bhopal municipal corporation
consists of 66 different wards. The BMC is headed by an IAS officer
as commissioner of bhopal and the elected governing head as mayor
of bhopal. 101
102. BHOPAL MUNICIPAL CORPORATION Came into being in 1907 R.K.
Bisaria first mayor Area 71.23 km2 by 1975 Responsible for civic
infrastructure and administration 66 wards by 1999 The total area
under BMC is 648.24 km2 (250.29 sq mts)
103. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF BMC The BMC is mainly
responsible for the upkeep of civil infrastructure and
administration of the city. The detailed responsibilities of the
administrating body is listed out below. It is responsible to look
after the public works of the city. All the revenues and taxes come
under the BMC responsibility. BMC is accountable for the water
supply in the city. The planning and development start from the BMC
office. Fire brigade is controlled by BMC. Health and sanitation is
BMC responsibility. BMC manages finance and accounts of various
aspects for the city. The BMC is responsible for the management of
heritage in the city. The gardens and parks are maintained by BMC.
Public relations is governed by BMC in Bhopal. The general
administration is governed by BMC in Bhopal. 103
104. Public works This department responsible for the
maintenance of civic amenities and comprises of two divisions :
mechanical division and electrical division. The main function of
the department is to provide street lights in all the 66 wards and
also up gradation and maintenance of electrical
appliances/equipments of their zonal & ward offices. The supply
and the maintenance is the main accountability. Revenue Revenue
department is responsible for the dealing and collection of all
kind of revenues and taxes including property tax, housing tax
within the city. By doing that it ensures timely collection of dues
and arrears from the citizens. The department also sends notices to
the defaulters and charge penalty for the default. Water supply the
supply of fresh water to the city, cleaning of water, pipeline of
water and all other aspects comes under the ambit of water supply
department. This department takes care of all the 66 wards and
ensure timely and equal delivery of the water in all wards. Up
keeping the fixing of leakages in water pipes is done by the
department. 104
105. Planning and development The planning and development for
the Bhopal city is handled by this department of BMC. The civil
infrastructure and other infrastructure projects are taken care by
the department. The department also check on any issues relating to
land grabbing or illegal construction within Bhopal. Fire brigade
The life saver fire brigade comes under the Bhopal municipal
corporation. The services of fire brigade comes under the BMC. The
service of fire brigade is available for all the wards and its
monitored by BMC. The department not only takes care about the
availability of fire brigades but also make sure their availability
on time to tackle high rising flames. Health and sanitation Health
and sanitation the most important part of Bhopal city and is
handled effectively by BMC. Starting from providing basic medical
facilities to sewage cleaning, cleaning of city, maintenance
sanitary structures like public toilets and bathrooms all and many
other comes under the preview of this department. Finance and
accounts The finance and accounts for various projects in the city
is maintained by the department. This department is also known as
the brain of BMC.
106. Heritage cell Bhopal is a city of heritage and the
heritage cell maintains and looks after the heritage buildings in
the city. This department is responsible to take care of the
glorious historical monuments of Bhopal. Repairing and other
important work of any religious or secular monument is done by the
department. Gardens The parks and gardens within Bhopal are taken
care by BMC. From planting new varieties of herbs and shrubs the
department also works on cutting and trimming of the hedges. All
the beautiful parks and gardens are maintained by the BMC. Starting
from cutting grasses to make over of every gardens are the
responsibility of this department. General administration This
department helps all other departments. The recruitment process is
handled by the administrative part along with creating awareness of
the issues and delivering a transparent system to the people of
Bhopal. 106
http://www.bhopalonline.in/city-guide/bhopal-municipal-corporation
107. AREA UNDER ITS JURISDICTION
108. ROLE OF BMC Preparation of schemes for the execution of
plans (Master plan, Zonal plan, traffic and transportation
improvement plans, landscape plans) Preparation of housing schemes
and execution of other plans. Registration of properties and
Launching of housing schemes. Allotment of developed plots and
houses Maintenance of properties under its jurisdiction DEVELOPMENT
CONTROL Acquisition of land if approved by IAS Power to stop, seal,
demolish and remove encroachments/ unauthorized construction
Approval of layouts BMC not directly involved in development
control Exercises development control -launching of schemes towards
master plan execution
109. WORKS OF BMC Development, Construction and Maintenance of
Amenities & Services Infrastructure development - water supply,
drainage, sewerage, electricity, parking, street lighting, etc.
Provision of different commercial and community facilities Slum
improvement and redevelopment schemes, and their execution
Development of community spaces Timely maintenance of amenities and
services and balancing of funds
110. Departments under BMC Responsible for public works,
maintenance of civic amenities and comprises of the Mechanical
division and the Electrical division Public Works Responsible for
the collection of revenue and all kinds of taxes including property
tax, housing tax etc. within the city Revenue and Tax Responsible
for the supply of fresh water, cleaning of water pipelines, up
keeping and fixing of leakages in water pipes, cleaning and
management of lakes across the city Water Supply Responsible for
the civil infrastructure and other infrastructure projects Planning
and Development Responsible for the availability of fire brigades
and ensures their timely availability to tackle high rising flames
Fire Brigade
111. WHAT ARE BYELAWS AND WHY WE NEED BYELAWS ? Building Bye
laws are the rules and regulations set forth by the concerned
government authorities and updated time to time. These regulations
guides us about what to construct, how and where. Bylaws are the
written rules by which an organization is governed. They set forth
the structure of the board and the organization. They determine the
rights of participants and they determine the procedures by which
rights can be exercised. In other words, bylaws guide the board in
conducting business. Carefully crafted bylaws and adherence to them
can help ensure the fairness of board decisions and provide
protection against legal challenges.
112. Its important to note that bylaws are in fact legal
documents. This means there are legal requirements for what should
be included. These requirements vary depending on the state in
which you operate. For example, some state laws require membership,
board selection and other issues to be stated in the articles of
incorporation. To be sure your bylaws are on side with state laws,
consult a lawyer before you begin. Bylaws can help protect your
directors and officers from personal liability. For example, your
nonprofit can protect its directors and officers from costs arising
from wrongful lawsuits by including provisions regarding
indemnification in your bylaws. The Building By laws should be
followed strictly by any person or organization who plans to
construct a building.
113. Building by laws help in making a planned Development.
Apart from individual plot or land owners, buyers of under
construction property as well as constructed property should have a
thorough knowledge of the building by laws applicable in that
region. This will help the buyers question the Construction of
structures by the developer. For Residential building or Group
housing buildings the rules entail details such as width of a
setback, percentage of Greens, Built up percentage, distance
between two buildings, height of buildings, mandatory services
requirements, distance from high tension electrical lines and many
more. As the building is to be sold to the end users eventually
therefore the end users should take interest in gaining knowledge
about building plans and mandatory construction practices also
114. BUILDING BY LAWS MAY CONTAIN REGULATIONS RELATED TO F.A.R
and Ground Coverage. Density. Setbacks and Projections. Basements
and Parking Spaces. Well and well type structures. Area and area
usages. Atrium and ornamental structures. Building height and other
Service Spaces. Site Design and service design
115. REFRENCES:-
mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2378&alt=1
Sources: Annual Report MUDPA, 2001-02, Annual Plan, Planning
Commission, 2001-02 and Annual Report MRD 2001-02. Adapted from
World Bank Urban Strategy for India, 2002.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/
336387-1269364699096/6892630-1269364758309/buckley.pdf
http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/govt-launches-housing-for-
all-by-2022-scheme_1516721.html?utm_source=ref_article
articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com
http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-5-ahmedabad-slumrehab-
schemes-see-light-of-day-1906031
http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/schemes-for-slum-dwellers-and-
urban-poor_art530741ffd1429.html#.VqmtQYUrLIU Source: PCA for Slum,
2011
118. www.emptownplan.gov.in
https://www.fresherslive.com/urban-administration-and-development-department-
madhya-pradesh-recruitment
http://www.theteamwork.com/articles/2016-1024-bhopal-development-authority-plans-
projects.html Source: India-Slum data (PPT) from ORGI website
State/town Slum PCA of 1103 towns reporting slum population-2001
from ORGI PCA for Slum, 2011-India & MP Census of India 2011
Rishi Muni Dwivedi Urban Development and Housing in India
(1947-2007) New Century Publication , New Delhi (2007)
www.wikipedia.org www.plaanningcommision.com www.mhupa.gov.in
