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Cost reduction An organized and planned one- time or continuous initiative taken with the goal to reduce business costs from a current level to a desired lower level. • Cost reduction may be targeted to one specific cost (account), a selection of costs (accounts) or organization-wide.

Sfm module iv

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Page 1: Sfm module iv

Cost reduction

•  An organized and planned one-time or continuous initiative taken with the goal to reduce business costs from a current level to a desired lower level. 

•  Cost reduction may be targeted to one specific cost (account), a selection of costs (accounts) or organization-wide.

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Cost control

• An ordered and intentional effort to limit the growth of costs within specific accounts. 

• The management practice of putting lock limits on accounts.

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Life Cycle Cost

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Life Cycle Cost (LCC)

• Life cycle costing, LCC, is the process of economic analysis to asses the total cost of ownership of a product, including its cost of installation, operation, maintenance, conversion, and/or decommission.

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Life Cycle Cost (LCC)

• By using LCC, total cost of the product can be calculated over the total span of product life cycle.

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Life Cycle Cost (LCC)

• LCC is a economic tool which combines both engineering art and science to make logical business decision.

• This analysis provides important inputs in the decision making process in the product design, development and use.

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LCC for product supplier

• By using LCC, product suppliers can optimize their design by evaluation of alternatives and by performing trade-off studies.

• By using LCC, product suppliers can evaluate various operating and maintenance cost strategies (to assist product users).

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LCC for customer

• By using LCC, customers can evaluate and compare alternative products.

• By using LCC, customers can assess economic viability of projects or products.

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Why use LCC?Typical conflict in most of the company:• Project Engineering wants to minimize capital costs 

as the only criteria,• Maintenance Engineering wants to minimize repair 

hours as the only criteria,• Production wants to maximize operation hours as 

the only criteria,• Reliability Engineering wants to nullify failures as the 

only criteria,• Accounting wants to maximize project net present 

value as the only criteria,• Shareholders want to increase stockholder wealth as 

the only criteria.

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Why use LCC?

• LCC can be used as a management decision tool for synchronizing the divisional conflicts by focusing on facts, money, and time.

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Why use LCC?• Why should engineers be concerned

about cost elements? It is important for engineers to think like managers and act like engineers for a profit maximizing organization.

Money Does Matter!!!

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Cost element

• For an equipment, there are TWO cost elements:

1) Initial Cost, and2) Operation & Maintenance Cost

• The identification of cost elements and their sub-division are based on the purpose and scope of the LCC study.

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Cost element

• Initial Cost:–Design & development cost,– Investment on asset, or cost of equipment,– Installation cost or erection & commission 

cost.

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Cost element

• Operation & Maintenance Cost:– Labour cost,– Energy cost,– Spare & maintenance cost,–Raw material cost.

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KAIZEN- AN INTRODUCTION

• Masaaki Imai is known as the developer of Kaizen.

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Kai  Change

Zen  Better

CHANGE FOR THE BETTER

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Indian Connection

Small Drops of Water together Ultimately result in a lake

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Implementing Kaizen- few rules

• List your own Problems• Grade problems as to minor, difficult and major• Start with the smallest minor problem• Move on to next graded problem and so on• Remember improvement is part of daily routine• Never accept status quo• Never reject any idea before trying• Eliminate tried but failed experiments• Highlight problems rather than hiding

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Kaizen PhilosophyApproach to Traditional Organization Kaizen Environment

 Attitude  

Employees

Information

Interpersonal Relationship

Managerial Belief 

Management Culture

Management Function

Management Stress

Let it go

Cost 

Restricted 

Commercial 

Routine

Bureaucratic 

Control 

Functional

Continuous Improvement

Assets

Shared

Human 

Change

Participative

Supportive

Cross functional

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Procedure For Implementation

• Form small groups from 6-10 persons• Give them numbers-Kaizen 1,Kaizen-2…• Appoint an evaluator of the group• Arrange weekly meetings of group (6-12 months)• Submit progress of improvement in writing• Allow each member to express• No disturbance when others are speaking• However Clarifications can be sought instantly

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Evaluation

• 0  Marks for no improvement made

• 0 to 30  Marks depends upon improvement tried but failed

• 30 to 50  Marks for small to moderate improvement

• 50 to 75  Marks for good improvement

• > 75  Marks for extraordinary improvement

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Evaluation Other factors

• A – Attitude

• S – Safety

• P- Productivity

• E - Energy Saving

• M - Money Saving

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Benefits of Kaizen

Reduction in Production Time

Reduction in Rejection

Energy Saving

Improved Quality

Tangible Benefits

Motivation

Team Building

Sense of belongingness

Environment Conservation

Change in attitude

Intangible Benefits

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Reasons for Failure of KAIZEN

• Lack of interest and support from management

• Lack of training of :– Listening skills, Presentation Skill, Communication Skill

• Criticism of failure from fellow members

• Ignoring Basic Concept ( Improvement is part of daily routine)

• Work Pressure –sidelining the Kaizen

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PIT FALLS IN KAIZEN

• Resistance to change

• Lack of proper procedure to implement

• Too much suggestion may lead to confusion and time wastage

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Kaizen Costing

• Cost Reduction in– Design of the Product–  Development of the Product– Production Of the Product

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Kaizen Costing-definition

Kaizen costing is the maintenance of present levels for products Currently being  manufactured via systematic efforts to achieve the desired cost level.

KC is applied to product that is already under Production

Time prior to KC is Target Costing

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• Kaizen Costing Calls…..

Establishment of cost reduction target  amount and its accomplishment through Kaizen activities---continuous improvement.

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Introduction to Benchmarking

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What is Benchmarking

• Benchmarking is an improvement process that is used to identify best practice within a peer group and facilitate it’s incorporation into your organization

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ContinuousOngoingLong-term

Benchmarking is a

Organizational comparisonOrganizational improvementMeeting or surpassing industry best practicesDeveloping product/process objectivesEstablishing priorities, targets, goals

SystematicStructuredFormalAnalyticalOrganized

OrganizationsCompaniesInstitutions

ProcessEvaluatingUnderstandingAssessingMeasuringComparing

RecognizedAcknowledgedIdentified

Best-in-classWorld-classRepresentingbest practices

For

the that are

as

for thepurpose of

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General Principles for Involvement

• The more people involved, the more different views and perspectives brought to bear.

•  The more ideas generated, the better the chance of making significant changes.

•  The more people in the benchmarking process, the less difficult it is to sell the concept and any results to the workforce.

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Types of Benchmarking•  Internal benchmarking• Competitive benchmarking• Industry or Functional benchmarking• Process or Generic benchmarking

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Internal Benchmarking• Similar activities in different locations, 

departments etcAdvantages:

– “Sharing” - Communication– Data easy to get– Good results, immediate benefit– Good practice

Disadvantages:– Limited focus– Internal bias– “Miss the boat”

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Competitive Benchmarking

• Direct Competitors, same customer baseAdvantages:

– Directly relevant– Comparable practices & technologies– History of information

Disadvantages– Data collection difficulties– Ethical issues– rivalry

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Industry or Functional Benchmarking

• Leaders in Similar Industry Advantages• – Willing partners• – Readily Transferable Disadvantages

– Cost– Some “willing partners” not so willing!

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Process or Generic Benchmarking

• State of the art Processes/products/services• Break the company into generic functionsAdvantages

– Breakthrough ideas– Network development– High potential for innovation

Disadvantages:– Hard to do!– Transferring practices (learning!)– Some information not transferable– Time consuming

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Benchmarking: Is/Is NotIS IS Not

• Continuous process

• Provides valuable information

• Learning

• Time-consuming

• Viable tool, generically applicable

• One-time event

• Provides simple answers

• Copying, imitating

• Quick & easy

• A buzzword, or fad

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Organizations who consider it vital to their survival and growth

• AT&T• American Cancer Society• American Express• Anderson Consulting• Cisco• Dow Chemical• Ernst and Young• General Motors• Harley Davidson• Intel• Johnson & Johnson• Kellogg

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Benefits of Benchmarking

• Benchmarking helps identify the gaps between the organization that is undertaking the benchmarking assessment and best practice.

• Undertaking benchmarking can lead to improvements being incorporated into processes and systems delivering gains in efficiency and effectiveness

• Benchmarking can help align improvement activity with strategic goals and objectives

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The Benchmarking process• Benchmarking has a defined process

1. Identify the process that will be benchmarked – consider what metrics will be measured

2. Measure results in own organization3. Identify a benchmarking partner (look for one with favourable 

results or to the metric being measured or known best practice)4. Measure the process5. Analyze the conditions that determine the favourable results6. Determine an action plan to take your organization to the favourable 

results7. Review Benchmarking results and conduct regular reviews with your 

peer(s).

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Problems with Benchmarking

• Problems with benchmarking occur where– Data is not obtained for the process being measured – and 

analysis becomes subjective– No peer group/best practice identified (including data 

available)– The gap between current state and best practice is 

captured but nothing is done about it– Assumed best practice isn't best practice– Benchmarking happens as a one off event and not 

reviewed periodically

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What is BPR?

• Reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed.

(Hammer & Champy, 1993)

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BPR is Not?

• Automation• Downsizing• Outsourcing

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Why Reengineer?

• Customers– Demanding– Sophistication– Changing Needs

• Competition– Local– Global

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Why Organizations Don’t Reengineer?

• self-righteousness

• Political Resistance(conflict)

• New Developments

• Fear of Unknown and Failure

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Management Control Systems

A management control system is a means of gathering and using information. 

It guides the behavior of managers and employees.

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Basic Concepts

Elements of a control system consists of:1. A detector2. An assessor3. An effector4. A communication network

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1. A detector or sensor is a device that measure what is actually happening in the process being controlled.

2. An assessor is a device that determines the significance of what is actually happening by comparing it with some standards or expectations of what should happen.

3. An effector (feedback) is a device that alters behavior if the assessor indicates the need to do so.

4. A communications network consist of devices that transmit information between the detector and the assessor and between the assessor and the effector.

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Example: You are driving a car

• Detectors= Your eyes• Assessor= Your brain• Effector= Your foot• Communication network= Your nerves 

system

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• Your eyes (detectors) measure actual speed by observing the speedometer. 

• Your brain (assessor) compares actual speed with desired speed (standard: the highest speed is 80 km/hour) to detect a deviation from standard. 

• Your brain (assessor) directs your foot (effector) to ease up the accelerator  if  actual speed (90 km/hour) is faster than the standard speed (80 km/hour), press down the accelerator if the actual speed (70 km/hour) is slower than standard speed (80 km/hour). 

• And, your nerves (communication network) form the communication system that transmits information from eyes (detectors) to brain (assessor) and brain (assessor) to foot (effectors).

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Management Control Systems

Financial data

Formal control system

Nonfinancial data

Informal control system

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Evaluating ManagementControl Systems

Motivation Goal congruence Effort

Lead to rewards

Monetary  Nonmonetary

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Organization Structure

Total decentralization

Total centralization

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Benefits of Decentralization

Creates greater responsiveness to local needs

Leads to gains from quicker decision making

Increases motivation of subunit managers

Assists management development and learning

Sharpens the focus of subunit managers

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Decentralization inMultinational Companies

Decentralization enables country managers tomake decisions that exploit their knowledge

of local business and political conditions.

Multinational corporations often rotatemanagers between foreign locations

and corporate headquarters.