Chapter 4 The End of Chapter 4 The End of the Cold Warthe Cold War

Why did the Cold War Why did the Cold War End?End?

Was the Collapse Due to Force? NoWas the Collapse Due to Force? No

The Cold War cost more than The Cold War cost more than $11 trillion. But the collapse $11 trillion. But the collapse of the Soviet Union and its of the Soviet Union and its satellites was not a result of satellites was not a result of force. force. No NATO tank fired a shot. No NATO tank fired a shot. No bomb fell on the No bomb fell on the

Kremlin. Kremlin.

END OF THE COLD WAREND OF THE COLD WARCold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw”A.A.Cuban Missile Crisis – beginning of the thaw- Cuban Missile Crisis – beginning of the thaw- containment and coexistencecontainment and coexistenceB.B.After the US withdrew from Vietnam, the policy of After the US withdrew from Vietnam, the policy of containment had suffered a severe blow.containment had suffered a severe blow.C.C.Policy of Policy of DÉTENTEDÉTENTE

A.the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.B.B.a. Leaders from both sides began speak more openly about a. Leaders from both sides began speak more openly about working together, and limiting hostility.working together, and limiting hostility.C.C.b. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I and II (1972-9)b. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I and II (1972-9)

D.D.Slowed the nuclear arms race by limiting warhead Slowed the nuclear arms race by limiting warhead numbers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).numbers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

Leadership changes (1979-1989):Leadership changes (1979-1989):USUS- Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter - Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reaganand Ronald ReaganSoviet Union-Soviet Union- Leon Brezhnev and Mikhail Leon Brezhnev and Mikhail GorbachevGorbachev

a. All parties looked to reduce tensions and a. All parties looked to reduce tensions and treat each other in a more open fashion.treat each other in a more open fashion.

Détente- To relax tensions in the Cold War, Détente- To relax tensions in the Cold War, focus on discussions, not focus on discussions, not brinksmanshipbrinksmanship..

In pursuit of détente, Nixon and Brezhnev signed In pursuit of détente, Nixon and Brezhnev signed various treaties to limit number of nuclear arms, various treaties to limit number of nuclear arms, foster economic cooperations and improve political foster economic cooperations and improve political relations between the two superpowers.relations between the two superpowers.

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

The stalling of détente & the rise of a The stalling of détente & the rise of a Second “Cold War”Second “Cold War” International eventsInternational events

Angola Civil War in 1975 where both US and Angola Civil War in 1975 where both US and USSR supported opposing groupsUSSR supported opposing groups

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979.Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979. Changes in leadershipChanges in leadership

British Margaret ThatcherBritish Margaret ThatcherUS President Ronald Reagan US President Ronald Reagan

Further developmentsFurther developments

Renewal of arm raceRenewal of arm race Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) or Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) or

“Star Wars” programme“Star Wars” programmeDevt of new tech such as satellites deployed Devt of new tech such as satellites deployed

in orbit around earth to detect and destroy in orbit around earth to detect and destroy ICBM ICBM

Reagan “Empire of Evil” Speech in 1983Reagan “Empire of Evil” Speech in 1983 Joint military exercise “Able Archer 83” Joint military exercise “Able Archer 83”

Nov 1983Nov 1983

How did the cartoonist portray the Soviet Union?How did the cartoonist portray the Soviet Union? What implication do you think the invasion of What implication do you think the invasion of

Afghanistan might have on American Soviet Afghanistan might have on American Soviet relationsrelations

Tit for Tat – USSR responses to US Tit for Tat – USSR responses to US actionsactions

The West's militarized posture The West's militarized posture helped the Communists to helped the Communists to rationalize their authoritarian rationalize their authoritarian rulerule. .

The The moremore U.S. policies followed a U.S. policies followed a hard linehard line, the , the greatergreater was the was the tendency in Moscow to tighten tendency in Moscow to tighten the controlsthe controls and and to discourage to discourage liberalizing tendenciesliberalizing tendencies.. According to U.S.

diplomat George Kennan, author of "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" (1947) and architect of the containment policy,

Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments

A) Declining confidence in communist A) Declining confidence in communist ideology and failure of the Soviet ideology and failure of the Soviet economyeconomy Russian Command Economy - Rigid Russian Command Economy - Rigid

Planning SystemPlanning System Unproductive Soviet Industry, poor Unproductive Soviet Industry, poor

efficiency of agricultural sectorefficiency of agricultural sector Low morale of the soviet workersLow morale of the soviet workers Lack of consumer products and low Lack of consumer products and low

quality of lifequality of life

Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments

B) External economic burden of the B) External economic burden of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union Annual subsidies to economies in Annual subsidies to economies in

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Eastern European countries incurring Eastern European countries incurring

debts by borrowing heavily from debts by borrowing heavily from western bankswestern banks

External commitment like the decade External commitment like the decade long Soviet Afghan Warlong Soviet Afghan War

Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments Increasing resistance within Increasing resistance within

the communist blocthe communist bloc home-grown insurgencies led home-grown insurgencies led

to interference of the Soviet to interference of the Soviet leadership into the businesses leadership into the businesses of the Warsaw Pact countriesof the Warsaw Pact countries Hungarian revolution 1956Hungarian revolution 1956 Prague Spring 1968Prague Spring 1968

Brezhnev Doctrine Nov 1968 – Brezhnev Doctrine Nov 1968 – No country within the Warsaw Pact is No country within the Warsaw Pact is

allowed to leave the Pact or threaten the allowed to leave the Pact or threaten the cohesivessnesscohesivessness

Political legitmacy eroded by Political legitmacy eroded by dissident intellectuals & dissident intellectuals & reformersreformers

Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnostand glasnost

The Gorbachev Revolution The Gorbachev Revolution Mikhail Gorbachev,Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power in 1985 came to power in 1985

as the General Secretary as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union (CPSU) (CPSU)

recognized that the recognized that the Soviet Union could not Soviet Union could not remain politically and remain politically and economically isolated and economically isolated and that the Soviet system that the Soviet system had to be changed if it had to be changed if it was to survive. was to survive.

Problems faced by GorbachevProblems faced by Gorbachev Stagnant and inefficient command Stagnant and inefficient command

economy ( after Brezhnev fell ill in economy ( after Brezhnev fell ill in 1976)1976) Economy running at a loss (spending more Economy running at a loss (spending more

than what they had earned)than what they had earned) Shortage of food and essential goodsShortage of food and essential goods Bad quality of goods producedBad quality of goods produced Crippling cost of military competition with Crippling cost of military competition with

the USAthe USAThe Soviet State could no longer afford the The Soviet State could no longer afford the

high defense spendinghigh defense spending that accompanied the that accompanied the Cold War.Cold War.

Gorbachev's Five-Point PlanGorbachev's Five-Point Plan The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival

of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms:of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms:1.1. Glasnost Glasnost (openness) – greater freedom of (openness) – greater freedom of

expression expression 2.2. PerestroikaPerestroika (restructuring) – decentralization (restructuring) – decentralization

of the Soviet economy with gradual market of the Soviet economy with gradual market reforms reforms

3.3. Renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine Renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed (armed intervention where socialism was threatened) intervention where socialism was threatened) and the pursuit of arms control agreements and the pursuit of arms control agreements

4.4. Reform of the KGBReform of the KGB (secret service) (secret service)5.5. Reform of the Communist Party Reform of the Communist Party

Impact of GlasnostImpact of GlasnostInsistent Calls for ChangeInsistent Calls for ChangeHe believed that his reforms He believed that his reforms were necessary and used his were necessary and used his leadership and power to attempt leadership and power to attempt to implement them.to implement them.

Debates, discussions, relax Debates, discussions, relax censorship, speak up in favour of censorship, speak up in favour of reforms reforms

The policy of The policy of glasnostglasnost (openness) made it possible for (openness) made it possible for people to more freely and safely people to more freely and safely criticize the government's criticize the government's policies. policies. Lost confidence of communist Lost confidence of communist leadership vision and ruleleadership vision and ruleIncreasing desired Increasing desired independenceindependence

Impact of perestroikaImpact of perestroikaThe Objective: SurvivalThe Objective: SurvivalGorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have to Gorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have to change if it was to survive.change if it was to survive.Perestroika, which mean restructuring, was a Perestroika, which mean restructuring, was a programme of economic and political reformsprogramme of economic and political reforms

Encourage greater interest, productivity and investment Encourage greater interest, productivity and investment among Soviet workers.among Soviet workers.

Modernize economy Modernize economy achieve growth rate of 4% achieve growth rate of 4% Effect changes Effect changes WITHINWITHIN the Communist the Communist

economic and political structureseconomic and political structures Creation of a reliable, effective system to increase the Creation of a reliable, effective system to increase the

pace of the soviet society’s developmentpace of the soviet society’s development To unite scientific and technological achievements with To unite scientific and technological achievements with

a planned economya planned economy

Impact of PerestroikaImpact of PerestroikaReforms Were Too SlowReforms Were Too SlowThe gradual market reforms and The gradual market reforms and decentralization of the economy decentralization of the economy ((perestroikaperestroika) were too slow and ) were too slow and failed to keep pace with the crisis failed to keep pace with the crisis and his people's demands. and his people's demands.

Agriculture infrastructure remains Agriculture infrastructure remains inadequateinadequate

Shortage of food and other basic Shortage of food and other basic necessities, such as bread and necessities, such as bread and shoes.shoes.

The Soviet Union was suffering a The Soviet Union was suffering a deterioration of economic and deterioration of economic and social conditions and a fall in the social conditions and a fall in the GNP. GNP.

Foreign policy reformsForeign policy reforms Gorbachev belief: Gorbachev belief: NEW NEW

THINKINGTHINKING global problems to be solved based on global problems to be solved based on

shared moral and ethical principles shared moral and ethical principles rather than conflict between capitalism rather than conflict between capitalism and communismand communism

Release from Soviet Release from Soviet DominationDomination

The renunciation of the The renunciation of the Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine (armed (armed intervention in support of intervention in support of socialism) released the socialism) released the Eastern European states Eastern European states from Soviet domination. from Soviet domination. The communist rulers of these The communist rulers of these

states could not survive without states could not survive without the support of the Soviet Union. the support of the Soviet Union.

The Brezhnev Doctrine was articulated in 1968 when the Soviet army occupied Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring, an attempt by Alexander Dubcek to build “socialism with a human face.”

Nuclear disarmaments talks with ReaganNuclear disarmaments talks with Reagan

Nov 1985 – Geneva Nov 1985 – Geneva Summit, Geneva Summit, Geneva SwitzerlandSwitzerland

1986 – Reykjavik, 1986 – Reykjavik, IcelandIceland

Establishment of Establishment of goodwill that was goodwill that was lacking after the lacking after the abandonment of abandonment of détentedétente Intermediate Range Intermediate Range

Nuclear Forces (INF) Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty, December 1987treaty, December 1987

Deideologisation of Soviet Deideologisation of Soviet foreign policyforeign policy

- extension of - extension of Gorbachev’s New Gorbachev’s New Thinking PolicyThinking Policy

Withdrawal of Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Soviet troops from Afghanistan from Afghanistan from May 1988 – Feb May 1988 – Feb 1989 after 10 1989 after 10 year of waryear of war

End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War

End of Soviet control over Eastern End of Soviet control over Eastern EuropeEurope Gorbachev’s UN speech on the country Gorbachev’s UN speech on the country

right to choose its political and economic right to choose its political and economic system.system.

Coupled with Coupled with The renunciation of the The renunciation of the Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine

The communist rulers of these states could not The communist rulers of these states could not survive without the support of the Soviet Unionsurvive without the support of the Soviet Union

The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism

With the iron grip of the With the iron grip of the centralized Soviet state centralized Soviet state relaxed and the growing relaxed and the growing failure of the state to failure of the state to adequately feed and adequately feed and clothe its people, clothe its people, nationalism in the nationalism in the republics surged and republics surged and separatist movements separatist movements threatened the very threatened the very existence of the Soviet existence of the Soviet Union. Union. Super Cute Protesters:

Moldova: The hot, angry face of nationalism - Apr 13, 2009

End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War

Watch the video and understand how Watch the video and understand how the cold war endedthe cold war ended

Re-emergence of Nationalism in the Re-emergence of Nationalism in the Eastern European blocEastern European bloc

Member states make use of Member states make use of the new freedom to overthrow the new freedom to overthrow the communist regimes within the communist regimes within their countriestheir countries

Beginning in September 1989, Beginning in September 1989, a wave of huge a wave of huge demonstrations shook demonstrations shook Communist regimes across Communist regimes across eastern Europe.eastern Europe.

Breakaway of member Breakaway of member states in USSRstates in USSR Poland in June 1989Poland in June 1989 Hungary and reunification of Hungary and reunification of

Germany in Oct 1989Germany in Oct 1989 Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and

Romania in December 1989Romania in December 1989 A total of 6 Eastern European A total of 6 Eastern European

states had broken awaystates had broken away

Solidarity Party under Solidarity Party under Lech Walesa won the Lech Walesa won the seats that was freely seats that was freely contestedcontested

Inspired peaceful Inspired peaceful revolution in other parts revolution in other parts of eastern europeof eastern europe

Jan Jan 1989, 1989, Hungary Hungary began began democratdemocratic ic reformsreforms

Oct Oct 1989, 1989, held free held free electionselections

Hungarian Foreign Minister Gyula Horn (right) and his Austrian counterpart Alois Mock using bolt cutters to nip holes in a barbed wire fence.

10 Dec 1989, leaders of 10 Dec 1989, leaders of the Czech Communist the Czech Communist Party agreed to hold Party agreed to hold elections and resignedelections and resigned

RomaniaRomania Dec 1989, Dec 1989,

Romanians revolted Romanians revolted and overthrew and overthrew communist leader communist leader Nicolae Ceaucescu’s Nicolae Ceaucescu’s brutal and brutal and repressive repressive government when government when the army turned the army turned against himagainst him

April 1990, free April 1990, free elections were elections were announcedannounced

Building the Berlin WallBuilding the Berlin Wall

President Reagan giving a speech at the Berlin Wall, Brandenburg Gate, Federal Republic of Germany. June 12, 1987

Reagan’s Brandenburg Gate SpeechReagan’s Brandenburg Gate Speech President Ronald Reagan called upon President Ronald Reagan called upon

Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall: Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall: ""In the Communist world, we see failure, In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining technological backwardness, declining standards... Even today, the Soviet Union standards... Even today, the Soviet Union cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion is that freedom is the victor. General is that freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace,Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace,if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

The Wall Came DownThe Wall Came Down

Finally, on the night of Finally, on the night of November 9, 1989, November 9, 1989, ordinary Germans ordinary Germans poured through the poured through the Berlin Wall. Berlin Wall.

The GDR quickly The GDR quickly disintegrated, and by disintegrated, and by the end of 1990, all of the end of 1990, all of East Germany had been East Germany had been incorporated into the incorporated into the wealthy, powerful wealthy, powerful Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany.Germany.

A tram is blocked by East German demonstrators in the center of the city in October 1989. Their banner reads: 'Legalization of opposition parties, free democratic elections, free press and independent unions.'

Eastern Bloc

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics15 Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

7 SatelliteCountries:Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia

Disintegration of the Soviet UnionDisintegration of the Soviet Union

Disintegration of the Soviet Disintegration of the Soviet UnionUnion

The August Coup 1991The August Coup 1991 Hardliners horrified by imminent Hardliners horrified by imminent

break-up of USSR.break-up of USSR. 1818thth Aug – launched coup to Aug – launched coup to

overthrow Gorbachev – placed overthrow Gorbachev – placed under house arrest.under house arrest.

Boris Yeltsin, then mayor of Boris Yeltsin, then mayor of Moscow boldly resisted the Moscow boldly resisted the plotters – coup collapsed on 21plotters – coup collapsed on 21stst Aug.Aug.

Though Gorbachev returned to Though Gorbachev returned to power, his unpopularity and power, his unpopularity and attempted coup show his lack of attempted coup show his lack of power.power.

Independent RepublicsIndependent Republics

The Communist party The Communist party quickly collapsed, and quickly collapsed, and the Soviet Union began the Soviet Union began the painful and uncertain the painful and uncertain process of reorganizing process of reorganizing itself as a loose itself as a loose confederation of confederation of independent republics.independent republics.

Results of Gorbachev’s ReformsResults of Gorbachev’s ReformsRe-emergence of Nationalism in the Re-emergence of Nationalism in the

eastern european bloceastern european bloc

Lithuania declared independence in March 1990, followed Lithuania declared independence in March 1990, followed suit by Latvia and Estonia.suit by Latvia and Estonia.

Collapse of USSR Collapse of USSR Dec 1991 – formation Dec 1991 – formation of Commonwealth of Independent States of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)(CIS)

Renamed the Russian Federation in Dec Renamed the Russian Federation in Dec 1993 1993

A patchwork of 89 separate administrative A patchwork of 89 separate administrative districtsdistricts

Boris YeltsinBoris Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin, who Boris Yeltsin, who headed the Russian headed the Russian Republic, replaced Republic, replaced Gorbachev as president Gorbachev as president of a much- diminished of a much- diminished state. Gorbachev found state. Gorbachev found that there was no that there was no Soviet Union to lead Soviet Union to lead and retired into private and retired into private life. life.

Time magazine's July 15, 1996, issue, featured a 10-page spread about a squad of U.S. political pros who "clandestinely participated in guiding Yeltsin's campaign.“

Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize

Gorbachev won the 1989 Gorbachev won the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. He Nobel Peace Prize. He brought a peaceful end to brought a peaceful end to the cold war, and dramatic the cold war, and dramatic change to his country's change to his country's economy, though not in economy, though not in the way he intended.the way he intended.

The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War

The Cold War was over, The Cold War was over, brought to a close not by brought to a close not by the missiles and tanks of the missiles and tanks of the principal participants, the principal participants, but by the collective but by the collective courage and willpower of courage and willpower of ordinary men and women. ordinary men and women.

Remaining Communist CountriesRemaining Communist Countries At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of

countries:countries: Soviet UnionSoviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia,

Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan Uzbekistan

Asian CountriesAsian Countries: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and : Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and Yemen Yemen

Soviet Controlled Eastern bloc countriesSoviet Controlled Eastern bloc countries: Bulgaria, Czech : Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia. Slovakia.

The BalkansThe Balkans: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, : Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.

AfricaAfrica: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and : Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Mozambique.Mozambique.

CurrentlyCurrently only a handful of countries identified as communist only a handful of countries identified as communist remain: Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.remain: Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.