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Before Scientific
Revolution the west
was steeped in
superstition—science
hadn’t existed since a
brief showing under
the ancient Greeks
Once Scientific
Revolution took place,
superstition and
religion (seen largely
as the same thing)
were out and the west
became rational and
orderly
SCIENCE BEFORE THE
REVOLUTION
Always making advances—
since Mesopotamia and Egypt
Mechanical advances in the
Middle Ages
• Black Death scientific
exploration of the human
body
Religious reformationsnew
questions about nature of God
and the world and the
relationship between the two
RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND
CONNECTIONS PERSIST,
EVEN AMONG BIG NAMES
OF SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
UNSCIENTIFIC PURSUITS
FOLLOWED BY KEY
FIGURES
Copernicus’ lectures heard
with interest by Pope
Clement VII and he
dedicated De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium to Pope
Paul III
Pope Urban VIII a patron to
Galileo until 1633
Pascal a Jansenist
Newton interested in
alchemy
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo
and Newton all followed
Hermeticism and astrology
and alchemy
1536 John Calvin publishes The Institutes of the Christian Religion
1543 Copernicus publishes On the Revolution of the
Heavenly Spheres
1545 Start of Council of Trent
1555 Peace of Augsburg ends religious wars in
Germany
1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada
1598 end of French Wars of Religion with
Edict of Nantes
1603 death of Elizabeth I
1610 Galileo publishes
Starry Messenger
1637 Descartes’
Discourse on Method
1686 Newton finishes Principia
PROTESTANT RESPONSE CATHOLIC RESPONSE
Martin Luther one of first to
speak out against
Copernicus—defied his
literal interpretation of the
Bible
Catholic court, the
Inquisition, tried Galileo for
heresy for teaching
Copernican ideas as more
than a hypothesis
Popes patrons of scientists, such as
Copernicus and Galileo
Royal Societies in England and France
endorsed by their respective monarchs,
who were religious leaders
Together with end of religious wars and
spread of official religious toleration,
intellectual world questions religious
assumptions• Does not mean religious feeling ends
Long span of time—over a century• Small increments of
change
Women go from being seen as created by God to serve men (Genesis) to being seen as biologically inferior to men (anatomy and physiology)
Center of the world changes from earth at the center of the universe to sun at the centerIntellectuals go from seeking proof of God’s existence (St. Anselm’s ontological argument) to proof of man’s own existence (Descartes’ cogito ergo sum)
Cartesian dualism—mind and body
separate
Reason the key—I think, therefore I am
Queen Christina of• Sweden and Descartes
Deductive reason
Famous wager
Attempt to reconcile faith and reason
Abandoned math @age• 23 after mystical experience
Urged a scientific method built on inductive
principles (begin with specific
observations, then make generalizations)
Bacon’s inductive
reasoning (start w/observations)
Descartes’ deductive
reasoning (start w/principles)
Newton’s Scientific Method
Specific observations
GeneralizationsTested by
experiments