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Life cycle of and hazards to Pacific Salmon. Includes keystone species concept, Basic stocks data for the west coast salmon populations, ATU's, Comprehensive overview. Used for environment overview for life science and sustainability curriculum
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They are in They are in troubletrouble
Art ThompsonArt Thompson
Mark HendersonMark Henderson Haida salmonHaida salmon
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The “Tragedy of the Commons”
Ocean Resources are available to everyone.
Even though you may know that what you want to do is not good for future generations…….you are inclined to do so because it is in your own best interest in the short term!
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2000 data… 2000 data…
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Area % of HistoricRun Size
Alaska 106.7British Columbia (non-Columbia River)
36.2
Puget Sound 8.0Washington Coast 1.8Columbia Basin 1.7Oregon Coast 7.0California 5.1California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho
5.2
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A keystone species = A species that has an unusually large effect on the rest of its environment comparedto its abundance.[1]
The importance of salmon runs to plants & animals in the entire NW food chain is enormous. For food – predators & scavengers (over 40 species) For nutrients – adds Nitrogen/Phosphates for growth of streamside plants, cools H2O, prevent erosion… For Income & Jobs - $1.5 B 60K jobs for Fishermen, Suppliers, truckers, restaurants, etc
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Bristol Bay, Alaska
Data: Produces nearly 50% of the world’s wild sockeye salmon, Averages 37.5 million fish/year Generates hundreds of millions of dollars in economic activity, employment for over 14,000 workers
EPA Feb. 28, 2014
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In the end of life In the end of life comes a new beginning!comes a new beginning!
http://www.mvihes.bc.ca/images/ERWRP/circle4.jpghttp://www.mvihes.bc.ca/images/ERWRP/circle4.jpg
http://http://www.des.water.ca.gov/images/FRP/Steelhead_Redd1.jpgwww.des.water.ca.gov/images/FRP/Steelhead_Redd1.jpg
Salmon ReddSalmon Redd
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Females use their tails to create a low pressure zone to move
6-7”rocks & make their redds (nest).
Redds are about 18 – 36” deep & 25-30’ long depending on the
salmon species
http://www.mvihes.bc.ca/images/ERWRP/circle4.jpghttp://www.mvihes.bc.ca/images/ERWRP/circle4.jpg
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Eyed eggsEyed eggs
http://http://www.des.water.ca.gov/images/FRP/Steelhead_Redd1.jpgwww.des.water.ca.gov/images/FRP/Steelhead_Redd1.jpg
Salmon mating on Salmon ReddSalmon mating on Salmon Redd
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Eggs from each mating are covered up by the female. A new part
of the redd is dug just downstreamKeeping silt off the older eggs
o Total amount of degrees above freezing (energy) young salmon accumulate over time.
o Predicts time to hatch, emerge from redd, etc. ATU = Day’s H2O temp F° – 32F° = ____ ATU
Ex: 39F° - 32F°= 7 ATU Using 7 ATU/Day:COHO SALMON Atu’s in F° Number Days to:To eyed stage 220 31.5To hatch 400-500 57 - 71To emergence 700-800 100 - 114
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Mud and Sand cover the salmon eggs.
Toxic run off from streets & lawn chemicals. Floods disturb the redd,leaving eggs exposed to predators.
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In rainstorms, the streets become small streams. Non permeable
www.pwlf.org/ chumsalmon.htmwww.pwlf.org/ chumsalmon.htm jschmied©2014jschmied©2014
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www.pwlf.org/ chumsalmon.htmwww.pwlf.org/ chumsalmon.htmjschmied©2014jschmied©2014
Note: Fish are camouflaged on top & bottom!
http://www.bpa.gov/corporate/BPANews/Library/images/fish/Chinook_Smolts.jpg
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Fish Ladder
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http://npsrp.weebly.com/salmonid-mortality.html
Northern Pikeminnow Double Crested Cormorant
Sculpin Caspian Terns
http://www.wdfw.wa.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=130385http://www.wdfw.wa.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=130385
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www.seymoursalmon.com/fish%20life%20cycle.htm jschmied©2015jschmied©2015
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http://cybersalmon.fws.gov/coho.gifjschmied©2014jschmied©2014
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jschmied©2015jschmied©2015http://blog.oregonlive.com/news_impact/2008/11/sealion.jpg
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http://www.ngsprints.co.uk/images/M/696507.jpg jschmied©2014jschmied©2014
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Provides food - Eagles, Crows, mammals & scavengers / insects worms etc.Provides nutrients – adds Nitrogen/Phosphates etc for growth of streamside plants
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Klamath River
Columbia River
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This 85-pound Chinook salmon, a true June hog, was caught at Astoria by fisher Tony Canessa (pictured) in 1925. Photo: Columbia River Maritime Museum jschmied©2014jschmied©2014
Solutions
But No Easy
Answers!
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Richard Shorty
jschmied©2014jschmied©2014Richard Shorty
We all want to Save the Salmon We all want to Save the Salmon and protect our and protect our Environment…!Environment…!
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Danny Dennis