Schmalleger ch06 lecture

Criminal JusticeCriminal JusticeA Brief IntroductionA Brief Introduction

CHAPTER

Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger

ELEVENTH EDITION

Policing: Issues and Challenges

6



Police CulturePolice Culture

• Police subculture A particular set of values, beliefs, and

acceptable forms of behavior with which the police profession strives to imbue new recruits

This process of informal socialization plays a bigger role than the formal police academy training.



Police PersonalityPolice Personality

• Police working personality All aspects of the traditional values and

patterns of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized in the police subculture

continued on next slide



Police PersonalityPolice Personality

• There are at least two sources of police personality: A component of the police personality

already exists in some people and draws them toward police work.

Conservative background, view themselves as defenders of middle-class morality



Corruption and IntegrityCorruption and Integrity

• Police corruption The abuse of police authority for

personal or organizational gain

• Slippery slope Even a small thank-you accepted by a

member of the public can lead to a more ready acceptance of larger bribes.




Corruption and IntegrityCorruption and Integrity

• Knapp Commission Committee that investigated corruption

in New York City in the early 1970s



FIGURE 6-1 Types and Examples of Police Corruption



Building Police IntegrityBuilding Police Integrity

• Difficult to control corruption Reluctance of officers to report corrupt

activities Reluctance of administrators to

acknowledge the existence of corruption




Building Police IntegrityBuilding Police Integrity

• Internal affairs The branch of a police organization

tasked with investigating charges of wrongdoings



Drug Testing of Police EmployeesDrug Testing of Police Employees

• Drug and alcohol addictions are "handicaps" protected by the Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

• Today, many departments require all officers to submit to routine drug testing.

• The courts have supported drug testing based on a reasonable suspicion that drug abuse has been or is occurring.



Violence in the Line of DutyViolence in the Line of Duty

• According to an FBI study Slain officers appeared to be good-

natured and conservative in the use of force.

They were also perceived as well-liked by the community and department, friendly to everyone, laid-back, and easygoing.

Most officers who were killed failed to wear protective vests.



FIGURE 6-2 U.S. Law Enforcement Officers Killed in the Line of Duty, 2012Source: Based on data from the Officer Down Memorial Page website, http://www.odmp.org (accessed June 1, 2013).



Risk of Disease and Infected Risk of Disease and Infected EvidenceEvidence

• Biological weapon A biological agent used to threaten

human life

• Areas of concern The need to educate officers about

AIDS, anthrax, and other serious infectious diseases




Risk of Disease and Infected Risk of Disease and Infected EvidenceEvidence

• Areas of concern Departments' responsibilities to prevent

the spread of AIDS and diseases in lockups



FIGURE 6-3 Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers



Stress ReductionStress Reduction

• The amount of stress an officer experiences is directly related to his or her reactions to potentially stressful situations.

• Useful techniques for stress reduction Humor Exercise Mmeditation Deep breathing




Stress ReductionStress Reduction

• Useful techniques for stress reduction Biofeedback Self-hypnosis Induced relaxation Music Prayer Diet



Terrorism's Impact on PolicingTerrorism's Impact on Policing

• Law enforcement agencies at all levels now devote an increased amount of time and other resources to preparing for possible terrorist attacks and gathering intelligence necessary to thwart them.




Terrorism's Impact on PolicingTerrorism's Impact on Policing

• FBI-sponsored Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs) facilitate this by bringing together federal and local law enforcement personnel to focus on specific threats.



Intelligence-Led Policing and Intelligence-Led Policing and AntiterrorismAntiterrorism

• Intelligence-Led Policing Collecting and analyzing information to

produce an intelligence end product designed to inform police decision-making at both the tactical and strategic levels





• Criminal Intelligence The information compiled, analyzed,

and/or disseminated in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity





• Law enforcement intelligence consists of two types. Tactical• Gaining or developing information related

to threats of terrorism or crime and using this information to apprehend offenders, harden targets, and use strategies that will eliminate or mitigate the threat





• Law enforcement intelligence consists of two types. Strategic• Providing information to decision-makers

about the changing nature of threats for the purpose of "developing response strategies and reallocating resources" to accomplish effective prevention



Information Sharing and Information Sharing and AntiterrorismAntiterrorism

• Law Enforcement Online (LEO) National interactive computer

communications system and information service




Information Sharing and Information Sharing and AntiterrorismAntiterrorism

• International Justice and Public Safety Information Sharing Network (NLETS) State criminal histories, homeland alert

messages, immigration databases, AMBER alerts, hazardous materials notifications and regulations



Common Sources of Civil SuitsCommon Sources of Civil Suits

• The most common sources of civil liability are assault, battery, false imprisonment, and malicious prosecution. Biscoe v. Arlington County (1984) City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris (1989) Board of the County Commissioners of

Bryan County, Oklahoma v. Brown (1997)



Federal LawsuitsFederal Lawsuits

• 1983 lawsuit A civil suit brought under Title 42,

Section 1983 of the U. S. Code against anyone who denies others their constitutional right to life, liberty, or property without due process of law





• Bivens Action A civil suit brought against federal

government officials for denying the constitutional rights of others





• In the past, the doctrine of sovereign immunity barred legal actions against state and local governments.

• Qualified immunity Hunter v. Bryant (1991) Saucier v. Katz (2001) Pearson et al v. Callahan (2009) Scott v. Harris (2007) Idaho v. Horiuchi (2001)



Racial Profiling and Biased PolicingRacial Profiling and Biased Policing

• Racial profiling Any police-initiated action that relies on

the race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the behavior of an individual or on information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being engaged in criminal activity




Racial Profiling and Biased PolicingRacial Profiling and Biased Policing

• Examples Being in the wrong car Being in the wrong neighborhood



FIGURE 6-5 States That Have Banned Racial ProfilingSource: Amnesty International USA, Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States (New York: Amnesty International USA Publications, 2004), p. 6. http:// www.amnestyusa.org. © Amnesty International USA. Reprinted with permission.



Racially Biased PolicingRacially Biased Policing

• Recommendation from the 2001 PERF report Supervisors should monitor activity

reports. Conduct spot checks and regular

sampling of in-car videotapes and radio transmissions

Determine if formal and informal communications are professional and free from bias



Police Use of ForcePolice Use of Force

• Use of force The use of physical restraint by a police

officer when dealing with a member of the public





• NIJ estimates that more than 43.5 million people nationwide have face-to-face contact with the police over a typical 12-month period. Nearly 18 million as a result of traffic

stops Approximately 1.6% become subject to

the use of force or the threat of force.



FIGURE 6-7 Police Use-of-Force Continuum




• Problem police officer An officer who exhibits problem

behavior, as indicated by high rates of citizen complaints and use-of-force incidents and by other evidence

• Recent studies have found that problem police officers do not differ significantly in race or ethnicity from other officers.





• Female officers found to be less likely to use physical force and firearms, but more likely to use chemical weapons.

• Excessive force The application of an amount or

frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject



Deadly ForceDeadly Force

• Deadly force The force likely to cause death or great

bodily harm Tennessee v. Garner (1985) Graham v. Connor (1989)




Deadly ForceDeadly Force

• Suicide by cop Direct confrontations Disturbed interventions Criminal interventions



Less-Lethal WeaponsLess-Lethal Weapons

• Less-lethal weapon A weapon that is designed to disable,

capture, or immobilize – but not kill – a suspect



Professionalism and EthicsProfessionalism and Ethics

• Police Professionalism The increasing formalization of police

work and the accompanying rise in public acceptance of the police

• Police Ethics The special responsibility to adhere to

moral duty and obligation that is inherent in



Education and TrainingEducation and Training

• Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) Program The official program of a state or

legislative jurisdiction that sets standards for the training of law enforcement officers




Education and TrainingEducation and Training

• Federal law enforcement agents receive schooling at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Georgia.

• Davis v. Dallas (1985)



Recruitment and SelectionRecruitment and Selection

• A large majority use the following methods: Basic skills tests Physical agility measurements Medical exams Drug tests Psychological evaluations Background investigations



Gender Diversity in PolicingGender Diversity in Policing

• Women as effective police officers Female officers often underutilized. Departments hesitate to assign women

to patrol. Women experience frustration and lack

of satisfaction with their jobs.




Gender Diversity in PolicingGender Diversity in Policing

• Benefits of women officers Tend to use less physical force than

male officers and are less likely to be accused of using excessive force

Better at defusing and de-escalating potentially violent confrontations with citizens

Often respond more effectively to incidents of violence against women