REVIEW OF LITERATURE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

HYPOTHESIS

JIMNAIRA U. ABANTO

RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Hypotheses

Conceptual Framework

AssumptionsReview of

Related Literature

Research Design

Data Collection

Data Processing

and Statistical Treatment

Analysis and Interpretation

Summary, Conclusions

and Recommendations

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

It briefly summarizes studies related to your research.

It includes the purpose, procedures, major findings and recommendations for further study of various researches conducted in the past.

IMPORTANCE

Determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past and present studies

To gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial

To help you organize the concepts and principles fundamental to your research

THREE PARTS OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.Related legal bases

2.Related literature

3.Related studies

TIPS IN WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. It must document accepted facts, concepts and processes upon which the research is based.

2. Reference information should be correctly recorded.

3. Describe similarities and differences among research studies.

4. Include the following as a general background information of your research paper.

A.LIVING THINGS/ORGANISMS1. Give the common name, scientific name, and classification of the organism.2. Briefly describe the organism’s•Habitat•Anatomy•Physiology•Life cycle•Behaviors or responses to the environment

3. Provide detailed information in areas that are directly applicable to the study.

4. If you are using more than one organism, provide information on each.

5. Based on the given information, predict how you think the organism will act in your experiment.

B. BEHAVIOR1.Briefly describe the•Type of behavior•Primary factors influencing the behavior•Value of the behavior•Methods for describing the behavior

2. Identify critical factors.

3. If you have more than one type of behavior, describe similarities and differences.

4. Based on the given information, predict how you think the organism will act in your experiment.

C. PROCESS/PROCEDURES1.Describe the purpose of the process, the major steps, where it occurs, and how it relates to the experiment.2. If more than one process is involved, provide information on each process.3.Based on the given information, predict how you think the organism will act in your experiment.

D. MATTER

1.Briefly describe the substance’s chemical composition and/or common name, formula, physical properties, chemical properties, method of production and uses.

2. Provide detailed information on characteristics that are directly applicable to the study.

FORMAT or STYLE OF CITING RELATED STUDIES

-for published works, mention the relevant information, then enclose in parenthesis the author and year of the publication.

A.Single AuthorB.Two AuthorsC.Multiple authors

SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR ORGANIZING YOUR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

a. Create categories for your literature review, grouping together similar studies.

b. Begin with the most recent studies and then work backward.

c. Whenever possible, include on extensive review of relevant local research.

SEATWORK:Identify the sources below if RELATED LEGAL BASIS(LB) RELATED

LITERATURE(RL) or RELATED STUDIES (RS)

1. Partial Characterization of the Antifungal Properties of Kalanchoe pinnata (Kataka-taka)

2. Statistics with Computer

3. Journal of Nursing Administration

4. D.O. Order No. 1, s.2005

5. NIPSC Memorandum No. 5, s.2005

HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS

•Proposed solution

•Educated prediction

•Meant to be tested

GUIDELINES IN HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

-Adapted from Salvatore Tocci’s book, How to Do a Science Project.

THE HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE CLEAR AND BRIEF.

-should clearly and concisely state the expected relationship between two variables and define the variable in operational, measurable terms.

A HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE BASED ON THE PAST EXPERIENCES OR OBSERVATIONS OR ON INFORMATION GATHERED FROM YOUR RESEARCH.

--should take into account the results of the experiments or observations mentioned in these articles.

A HYPOTHESIS MUST BE TESTABLE.

--can be proven right or wrong, depending on the outcome of the experiment.

A HYPOTHESIS SHOULD STATE HOW, AT THE VERY LEAST, TWO FACTORS RELATE.

ALWAYS REMEMBER:

WHEN AN EXPERIMENT FAILS, THE HYPOTHESIS SHOULD NOT BE

CHANGED TO CONFORM TO THE RESULTS OF THE

EXPERIMENT.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESISalternative hypothesisstated in a declarative form.derived from the literature review and

should suggest the outcome of the experiment.

a. Insect a develops resistance to Pesticide X.

b. If the concentration of Substance A is increased, then plant growth will be reduced.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS/ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Problem: Is there a significant mean difference on the general acceptability of luncheon meat from bone meal of milkfish and goatfish?

Hypothesis: There is a significant mean difference on the general acceptability of luncheon meat from bone meal of milkfish and goatfish.

2. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS•Null hypothesis•Negative statement•Refers to populations and represents the vehicle by which findings are generalized from the sample to the population.

a. When a sample of Insect A is regularly exposed to Pesticide X for one week, 100% of the sample will die; None will survive.

b. The mean heights of plants exposed to 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% Substance A are not significantly different.

2. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS/ NULL

Problem: Is there a significant difference on the yield of peanuts planted in pot using night soil and chicken dung as fertilizers?

Hypothesis: there is no significant difference on the yield of peanuts planted in pots using night soil and chicken dung as fertilizers.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

--is a general statement which forms the frame of reference for your inquiry or investigation.

--usually written in the form of a diagram.

-- it provides the basis for conducting your research.

--is a tentative scheme for the research project based on the review of literature.

2 TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1. Relationship of the key concepts2. Relationship of the key variables

IMPORTANCE3. It helps you focus your research.4. It gives you the proper perspective on

the problem.5. It provides you with a solid anchor to

guide you in making your hypotheses and, after experimenting, in explaining your findings.

KEY VARIABLES

Independent Variables

Intervening Variables

Dependent Variable

Example:What is the effect of Aloe vera extract on the rate of growth and regeneration of Planaria?

Aloe

vera

Regeneration of Planaria

Growth of Planaria

KEY CONCEPTS

KEY CONCEPTSLeaves of

Kalanchoe pinnata (L.)

Phytochemical Screening

Gas Chromatography

Mass SpectraMicrobial Process

Percolation