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Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis
(RIMA)
Resilience Policies and Analysis teamAgricultural Development Economics Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Outli
ne
Resilience measurement at FAO
RIMA-II
Way forward
1
2
3
Resilience measurement at FAO
Photo: FAO
RIM
A m
odel
RIMA is an innovative quantitative approach that estimates resilience to food insecurity andgenerates the evidence for more effectively assisting vulnerable populations.
RIMA allows explaining why and how some households cope with shocks and stressor better than others do and provides rigorous framework for humanitarian and long-term development initiatives to build food secure and resilient livelihoods.
Defin
ing
resil
ienc
eRIMA perfectly suits several definitions of resilience:
• The ability to prevent disasters and crises as well as to anticipate, absorb, accommodate or recover from them in a timely, efficient and sustainable manner (FAO, 2013)
• The capacity of a household to bounce back to a previous level of well-being (for instance food security) after a shock (Alinovi, Mane & Romano, 2009)
• The capacity that ensures adverse stressors and shocks do not have long-lasting adverse development consequences (Resilience Measurement Technical Working Group of the Food Security Information Network, 2014)
RIMA is focused on households
Why
hou
seho
ld-le
vel?
• It is the unit within which the most important decisions to manage uncertain events are made
• It is the unit that benefits the positive effects of policies and suffers for negative effects of shocks
Conc
eptu
al fr
amew
ork
R0
Access to Basic ServicesAssets
Social Safety NetsAdaptive capacity
Y0 Y1
R0
Access to Basic ServicesAssets
Social Safety NetsAdaptive capacity
Shock
Coping strategies
• Consumption smoothing
• Asset selling• New livelihood
adoption
ΔY
ΔRes
t0 t1
Other HH time invariant characteristics
Other HH time varying characteristics
Other HH time invariant characteristics
Other HH time varying characteristics
Wha
t que
stio
ns a
nswe
rs?
Who is most in need?
Where should investment focus in terms of geographical location?
Which dimensions of resilience need to be supported?
To what extent have interventions increased or decreased target populations’ resilience?
What are the main determinants of food security recover?
RIMA-II
Photo: FAO
Wha
t’s n
ew in
RIM
A-IIRIMA-II improves the RIMA model originally
developed in 2008, providing a more comprehensive estimation of resilience and clearer policy indications
RIMA-II estimates household resilience to food insecurity with a comprehensive pack which includes direct measure and indirect measurements as well as long and short term measurement approaches.
Shocks are considered exogenous and included into a regression model for estimating their impact on food security and on resilience
Food security variables are considered exogenous indicators of resilience capacity
Shoc
ks
RIMA-II takes into account several types of shocks that can affect households
Idiosyncratic shocks, such as livestock death, job loss and illness of a household member. These shocks are all directly reported by households in surveys.Covariate shocks, which in turn are divided into: Climate shocks, such as droughts,
floods, rainfalls and other natural hazards, registered through GIS; Conflict-related shocks, such as war, murders and social disorders
Direct measureDirect measure provides descriptive information on household resilience capacity.
RIMA-II employs latent variable models (Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes – MIMIC) to estimate the Resilience Capacity Index and the Resilience Structure Matrix.
It is a valuable policy analysis tool to inform funding and policy decisions, as it allow to target and rank households from most to less resilient.
RIM
A-II
Resil
ienc
e pi
llars
Access to basic services (ABS)
Assets (AST)Adaptive capacity (AC)
Social safety nets (SSN)
Resil
ienc
e pi
llars
Resilience pillars Definition
Adaptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity is the ability of a household to adapt to a new situation and develop new strategies of livelihood
Social Safety NetsThe Social Safety Nets pillar measures the ability of households to access timely and reliable assistance provided by international agencies, charities, and NGOs, as well as help from relatives and friends.
Assets
Assets comprise both productive and non-productive assets. Examples of indicators include land, livestock and durables. Other tangible assets such as house, vehicle, and household amenities reflect living standards and wealth of a household.
Access to Basic Services
Access to Basic Services shows the ability of a household to meet basic needs, and access and effective use of basic services; e.g., access to schools, health facilities; infrastructures and markets.
Indirect measure
RIMA-II estimates the main determinants of food recovery (i.e. establish causal relationships between observed variables and well being indicators) and it moves the resilience analysis in the long term perspective.
The indirect measure can be adopted as a predictor tool for interventions that build and strengthen resilience to food insecurity.
It provides new depth and breadth to resilience analysis and permits decision makers and other stakeholders to better understand the dynamics of positive trends in resilience and thus develop strategies that will yield positive results.
RIM
A-II
RIM
A-II
RIM
A an
alys
is in
the
world
RIMA – Finalized AnalysisSenegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, Somalia, West Bank and Gaza Strip, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi RIMA – Ongoing AnalysisSenegal, Mauritania, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, West Bank and Gaza Strip
Mauritania
Chad
Ethiopia
Uganda
Tanzania
Malawi
Lesotho
Senegal
MaliNiger
Burkina Faso
Sudan
South Sudan
Kenya
Somali
a
Nigeria
West Bank & Gaza Strip
Resil
ienc
e M
arke
rRIMA-II analysis will be supported by a brand-new tool, the Resilience Marker.
The Resilience Marker can effectively operationalize the concept of resilience by predicting and evaluating the expected impact on resilience of humanitarian and development interventions.
The process is conducted through a participatory approach that will include the actors involved in the designing, implementation and evaluation of projects.
Way
forw
ard
Effectively contributing to resilience programming in priority regions and selected countries
Developing capacity to conduct resilience analysis at scale
Consolidating RIMA as one of the main corporate tools for resilience programming
FAO will strengthen RIMA’s role in resilience measurement and policy making by:
