1. Meri Puspita 05

2. Khurun’in Amalia 08

3. Achmad Amanulloh F. 19

4. Prisma Niangsari 47

Materials

Definition

Backshift and No Backshift

How Backshift Work…!

Place and Time Expression

Is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact.

Rules:

When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change other words in the

sentence.

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are reporting what was said in a

different place or time.

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who sayswhat.E.g.: She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum

doesn’t have time today.

If there are any pronouns present, you may have to change them.

Direct speech Reported speech

She says, "I like ice-cream." She says she likes ice-cream.

They say, "you are right." They say we are right.

He says, "My name is Gary." He says his name is Gary.

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says).

Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb

Example

He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English.

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He

said). This is called backshift.

Example

He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

Present Progressive Past Progressive

Simple Past

Past Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Past Progressive

Past Perfect ProgressivePresent Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

Future I (going to) was / were going to

Future I (will)Conditional I (would)

Conditional I (would)

Direct speech Reported speech

Will Would

She said, "I will eat cheese." She said she would eat cheese.

Can Could

She said, "I can eat cheese." She said she could eat cheese.

Must Had to

She said, "I must eat cheese." She said she had to eat cheese.

Shall Should

She said, "I shall eat cheese." She said she should eat cheese.

May Might

She said, "I may eat cheese." She said she might eat cheese.

NB: There is NO CHANGE in Could, Should, Would, Might, Ought to.

You have to check whether place and time are the same in direct and reported speech or not (weusually report in the present what someone told us before, in the past).

James said that he had seen Caroline here today.James said that he had seen Caroline here yesterday.James said that he had seen Caroline at the restaurant on Friday.I met James in a restaurant on Friday and he said that he had seen Caroline there that day.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Today that day

Now then

Yesterday the day before

… days ago … days before

last week the week before

next year the following year

Tomorrow the next day / the following day

Here there

This that

These those

• Bill says, “I want to go to Bali” =

Bill says that He wants to go to Bali

• She says, “I go to Jakarta” =

She says that she goes to Jakarta

• She said, “I am reading” =

She said that she was reading

• They said, “We are busy” =

They said that They were busy.

• She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday.“ =

She said that she had gone to the cinema the day before