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BASIC Relative clauses
Based on A. Aguado’s examples.
Changed, Revised, and Completed
by Nur Garriga
RELATIVE CLAUSES
NON-DEFINING
EXTRA INFORMATION
Between COMMAS
THAT
DEFINING
ESSENTIAL INFORMATION
COMMAS
THAT
RELATIVE PRONOUNS: used for Clauses beginning with
Question Words
THAT: as WHICH OR WHO
WHICH: OBJECTS, THINGS,
IDEAS, SITUATIONS, FACTS
WHO/WHOM: PEOPLE
WHEN: TIME
WHAT: THE THING/S WHICH
WHOSE: POSSESSIVE for
PEOPLE or THINGS
WHERE / IN WHICH:
PLACES
WHY: THAT’S THE REASON
WHY
OTHER RELATIVESWHATEVER: ANYTHING THAT…
E.g. Let’s do whatever you like, it’s your birthday!
WHENEVER: ANYTIME THAT…
E.g. Visit us whenever you can.
WHEREVER: ANYWHERE
E.g. With this cell phone you’ll have coverage anywhere, wherever you are.
ANYHOW/ANYWAY: THE WAY IN WHICH…
E.g. I’ll do that anyhow, I’m determined to do it.
WHOEVER: ANYBODY/ANYONE WHO…
E.g. Whoever you see and whatever you hear, pretend you are talking to me on the phone.
Defining clauses give essential information about the noun/clause.
Examples:
She’s the teacher. this is incomplete, it needs a defining clause.
• She’s the teacher who gave me interesting lessons.
• Math is the subject. this is incomplete, it needs a defining clause.
• Math is the subject that gives me most problems.
• The girl who/that works at the library is very friendly.
• You’re the person the person who/thatwho/that gets the highest marks.
• School is a place which/thatwhich/that gives you education & knowledge.
• There are times whenwhen my mind goes completely blank during his lessons.
• You need to find a room wherewhere you can study properly.
• That’s the girl whosewhose brother plays basketball.
Whose Whose versusversus Who’s Who’s
Whose refers to possession.Examples: He’s the person whose book I lost. They held a meeting whose target I did not understand.
Who’s is the contracted form of
who is or who has.Examples: He’s the one who’s very intelligent. (who is) He’s the boy who’s lived in Boston for many years. (who has).
Omission of object pronounsOmission of object pronouns
We can omit the relative pronoun if it connects the object with the relative clause.Examples: That’s the film (that/which) we saw. He’s the teacher (that/who) I can’t stand. That’s the person (that/who) I truly love.
We often omit the relative pronouns: that, that, which which and who who in speech.
We can’t omit the relative pronoun whosewhose.
Non-definingNon-defining give extra information which is not essential.
We cannot omit the relative pronoun.
Examples:• Ana has just passed a B-level in English.
• Last year, when I passed the A-levels, I met Steven who is my boyfriend now.
• The teachers at Miquel Biada School, where he took the exam, are delighted.
We can also combine two simple sentences by using a non-defining relative clause.
Examples:
Jaime’s sister is called Pilar. She’s a teacher.
Jaime’s sister, , whowho’s’s a teacher, a teacher, is called Pilar.
Jaime’s sister, who’s called Pilar, is a teacher.
BASIC RELATIVE PRONOUNS & CLAUSES
THE END