Reimagining the role of Institutional Repository in Open Scholarship

OpenAIRE and COAR Joint ConferenceOpen Access: Movement to RealityPutting the Pieces TogetherAcropolis Museum, Athens, GreeceMay 21-13, 2014

Leslie ChanBioline InternationalCentre for Critical Development StudiesUniversity of Toronto Scarborough

“Visibility” and “Application” of Research

• Roles of Institutional Repositories – then and now

• Broader context• Why we need to rethink “Open” and

“Knowledge”• “Putting the pieces together”• Development of scholarly APIs

Why Institutional Repository?

• Provide Open Access to published research (Green OA)

• Showcase an institution’s research outputs and other scholarly and teaching resources

• An “institutional commitment” to the stewardship of research outputs (Clifford Lynch 2003)

• A publishing platform and other value-added services for enhancing scholarly communication

• A research management system

http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1455/1579

Back in 2004Using our IR to • Support journal publishing by

faculty• Novel forms of publications in

the humanities and social sciences

• Archive out-of-print books• Provide access to teaching and

learning materials• Supporting international

publishing and knowledge circulation – community building

http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~womenshealth/womenshealth/Home.html

https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/1049

https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/246

https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/245

http://www.bioline.org.br http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OhdZFZ9x0w

The World of Scientific Output According to Thomson’s ISI Science Citation Index

Data from 2002http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=205

North

South

Closed Access

Open Access

“Big Deals”

Library Budget

OPEN ACCESS ?

Will Open Access change the current power structure of global scientific production and dissemination?

From “Big” science to Networked science

Knowledge for local problem solving

What are we doing with our IR in 2014?

Pinfield, S., Salter, J., Bath, P. A., Hubbard, B., Millington, P., Anders, J. H.S. and Hussain, A. (2014), Open-access repositories worldwide, 2005–2012: Past growth, current characteristics, and future possibilities. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. doi: 10.1002/asi.23131

Map of repositories worldwide, December 2012

Pinfield et al. (2014)

Pinfield et al. (2014)

Of the 2,129 repositories in OpenDOAR with “size” data recorded, only 74 of them have more than 100,000 items, and 570, more than 10,000 items. Although the mean average of items in repositories is 66,526, the median number is only 3,093.Pinfield et al. (2014)

Pinfield et al. (2014)

http://www.worldbank.org/open/

Why the lack of content in IRs?

• Low awareness among researchers? • Lack of incentives?• Confusion over rights?• Disciplinary differences?• Institutional commitment? • Other services outside of institutions?• OA journal publishing? • Open “everything”? (OER, Open data, open

government, open science…)

Open Science

“science carried out and communicated in a manner which allows others to contribute, collaborate and add to the research effort, with all kinds of data, results and protocols made freely available at different stages of the research process”

The RIN / NESTA report Open to All? Case Studies of Openness in Research (2010)http://www.rin.ac.uk/our-work/data-management-and-curation/open-science-case-studies

The RIN / NESTA report Open to All? Case Studies of Openness in Research (2010)http://www.rin.ac.uk/our-work/data-management-and-curation/open-science-case-studies

Collaborating writing

Citizen participation

Open hardwareAnd software

Public engagementSocial media

Open lab notebook

Open Access Open Peer Review

Content layer

Generative layer

Open Source Open Access

The “Journal” is the Network

Authority Trust FindabilityPersonalization Immediacy

CapitalResearch

Development

Fragmented and scattered

Coherent and

structured

Overlayservices

“Putting the pieces together”

“Open Access is global — but implementation is local” OpenAIRE“Creating participatory infrastructures by involving institutional, national and disciplinary actors”Lossau, N. (2012). An Overview of Research Infrastructures in Europe-and Recommendations to LIBER. Liber Quarterly: The Journal of European Research Libraries, 21.

How to enable collective action?

Is there a collective vision?

What are the key enablers and barriers?

“Data is an essential commodity for life science research. Ten years ago, finding a connection between a gene and a characteristic such as drought tolerance or disease susceptibility could take years. Now it takes minutes.”

ELIXIR Brochure, p. 3, http://www.elixir-europe.org/sites/elixir-europe.org/files/documents/elixir_square_brochure_final_printed.pdf

“So there are big data benefits in preventing diseases, cutting out unnecessary tests, or testing how effective new drugs and treatments actually are. Indeed, one study put the value of big data in US healthcare at over $300 billion a year.”Neelie KroesVP of the European Commission

http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-893_en.htm

Exploitative publishing regimes are symptomatic of larger problems in the distribution of wealth and power. The concentration of wealth that warps so much of our political and economic life will inevitably warp the Open Movement toward unintended and unwanted outcomes.

http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/01/27/its-the-neoliberalism-stupid-kansa/

Eric Kansa (2014) It’s the Neoliberalism, Stupid: Why instrumentalist arguments for Open Access, Open Data, and Open Science are not enough.

Development of Scholarly APIs

• Journal is embedded in a socio-political system of governance

• How to design knowledge governance system in an open networked environment?

Political Economy of Knowledge Circulation

• Beware of the “filter bubble”• Are we substituting one forms of circulation

with another that is equally, and even more restrictive, because it is largely invisible?

• Choice of tools and technology increasingly crucial, though surprisingly un-contested

• Digital underclass – those who have IDs and digital presence and and those without (e.g. DOI, ORCID, ImpactStory )

Paradigm Assumption Actors Goals Impact Who benefits

Knowledge Society

Knowledge as public goods

Scholars and citizens

Policy makers

Inclusive and participatory society

Democratiz-ation of knowledge circulation

All Citizens, researchers, funding agencies

Knowledge Economy

Knowledge as commodity

Private sector

Policy makers

Wealth creation

Growing inequality

Private sector, Some citizens

LONG-TERM, LASTING CHANGES

MEDIUM TERM CHANGESSphere of indirect influence – policy

shapers, knowledge networks, planners, practitioners, stakeholder groups

Theory of change elements

SHORT-TERM CHANGES Sphere of direct influence – partners, collaborators, stakeholders

immediate programme target groups

Sphere of controlProgramme strategy: Activities, stakeholder engagement; outputs

ISSUE, CONTEXT and DRIVERS

Socio-economic, political, Technological factors

Existing policies,practices, beliefs

Actors, networks in research, policy and practice, power

Capacity of targetgroups to respond

Receptiveness of context

Organizations,resources,systems, skills

Outputs = products? Comms? Networks?

Take up and involvement by main actor / stakeholder groups

Changes in e.g. knowledge, attitudes , skills, relationships

Changes in e.g. practices , policies, allocations

Scaling up/out of changes in knowledge, attitude, skills , practices, policies through actor networks etc.

Impact

For whom? Defined by whom? Significant for whom?

What needs to be happening to support this change?

Adapted from Morton, 2012, Montague, 2011

What are the assumptions about the drivers of these changes, and the processes involved?

Isabel Vogel, CDI September 2012

Knowledge as Public Goods Sustainability as a set of

institutional structures and processes that build and protect the knowledge commons (after Sumner 2005, Mook and Sumner 2010)

. Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework (from Ostrom, 2005)

“How do fallible humans come together, create communities and organizations, and make decisions and rules in order to sustain a resource or achieve a desired outcome?” (Hess 2005: 3)

“So while IRs may have an eventual impact on the economics of scholarly publishing, or the "affordability" problem, their primary and immediate role is in facilitating open access to traditional scholarship, as well as advancing, supporting, and legitimizing the broader spectrum of scholarly communications that is emerging in the electronic environment. By making available research generated in poor countries in addition to knowledge created in well-endowed institutions, IRs could play a role in bridging the global knowledge gap. Research institutions and universities have the primary mission of creating, sharing, and disseminating knowledge, which are public goods. Open access through institutional repositories is a low-cost and low-barrier strategy for achieving this mission.” (Chan 2014, pg 295)

http://cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1455/1580

Going forward

• Need to have more experimentations built on top of repositories

• But need to consider governance structure involving scholars from different disciplines and regions

Thank You! chan@utsc.utoronto.ca

http://www.openoasis.org

http://www.bioline.org.br

http://www.openaccessmap.org