PHILIPINNES HISTORY (HISTORY 101)

Spanish occupation and influences .

Architecture in the Philippines 

PhilippinesRevolution

The Philippine Revolution (called the Tagalog War by the Spanish),[citation needed] was an armed military conflict between the people of the Philippines and Spanish colonial authorities.

The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the anti-colonial secret organization Katipunan by the Spanish authorities. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in Caloocan, the Katipunan leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution.[2] Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital Manila. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels in Cavite led by Emilio Aguinaldo won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's execution in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government. That year, a truce with the Spanish was reached called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong. Hostilities, though reduced, never actually ceased.[3]

On April 21, 1898, the United States began a naval blockade of Cuba, the first military action of the Spanish–American War. On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey decisively defeated the Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control over nearly all of the Philippines with the exception of Manila. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the First Philippine Republic was established. Neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence.

Spanish rule in the islands officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which ended the Spanish–American War. In it Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United States.[3] There was an uneasy peace around Manila with the American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them.

On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the Philippine–American War. Aguinaldo immediately ordered, "[t]hat peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies".[4] In June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States.[5][6]

The Philippines would not become an internationally-recognized, independent state until 1946.

Cry of Pugad Lawin Monument,

Rizal's execution in what was then Bagumbayan.

Monument for the 1896 Revolution

BattleOfManila

Katipunan members Andrés Bonifacio (left) and Emilio Jacinto

 (right).

A 19th century photograph of the Revolutionary Congress in Malolos

A late 19th century photograph of leaders of the Propaganda Movement:José Rizal, Marcelo H. del

Pilar andMariano Ponce. Photo was taken in Spain in 1890.

A late 19th century photograph of armed Filipino rebels, known as

the Katipuneros

Philippine postal card of 1998 showing Andres Bonifacio (center) and the

Katipunero (revolutionaries) during the "Cry of

Pugadlawin" in 1896

Katipuneros Felipe E. Agoncillo Emmanuel G. Almeda Deodato C. Arellano :: "Santol" :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: First Supremo (1892-

1893) Roman Basa :: "Liwanag" :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: Supremo (1893-1894) Andres de Castro Bonifacio :: “Maypagasa” :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: Kalihim

(1892-1893) :: Tagausig (1893-1894) :: Supremo (1894-96) Procopio de Castro Bonifacio Valentin Diaz, Treasurer (before 1895) Ladislao Diwa :: “Baliti” :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: Tagausig (1892-1893) Jose M. Dizon Emilio D. Jacinto :: “Pingkian” :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: Tagausig (1894-

1895) :: Kalihim (1895) Aniceto Ledesma Lacson Vicente Rilles Lukban Miguel C. Malvar

Guillermo Masangkay :: “Alakdan” :: Kataastasang Sangunian (1894) Enrique Pacheco, Secretary of Finance Briccio B. Pantas :: “Bungahan” :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: Kalihim (1893) Teodoro Plata :: “Pangligtas” :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: Kalihim (1892-1893) Paciano Rizal Aguedo del Rosario, Secretary of the Interior Jose Turiano Santiago :: “Tik Tik” :: Kataastaasang Sangunian :: Kalihim (1894-

1895) Antonio Urquico Pio A. Valenzuela :: “Dimas Ayaran” :: Tagausig (895) :: Mangagamot (1896) Women of the Katipunan Marina Dizon-Santiago :: Women's Division Head Gregoria de Jesus :: "Lakambini"

Civilian SupportersMariano Limjap, ManilaManuel Mitra Luz, BatangasRoman Tanbiensang Ongpin, Manila

AmericanOccupationAndInfluences

The U.S. Occupation (1898-1946)The first Philippine Republic was short-lived. Spain had lost a war with the

United States. The Philippines was illegally ceded to the United States at the Treaty of Paris for US$20 million, together with Cuba and Puerto Rico.

A Filipino-American War broke out as the United States attempted to establish control over the islands. The war lasted for more than 10 years, resulting in the death of more than 600,000 Filipinos. The little-known war has been described by historians as the "first Vietnam", where US troops first used tactics such as strategic hamleting and scorched-earth policy to "pacify" the natives.

The United States established an economic system giving the colonizers full rights to the country's resources. The Spanish feudal system was not dismantled; in fact, through the system of land registration that favored the upper Filipino classes, tenancy became more widespread during the US occupation. A native elite, including physicians trained in the United States, was groomed to manage the economic and political system of the country. The U.S. also introduced western modells of educational and health-care systems which reinforced elitism and a colonial mentality that persists to this day, mixed with the Spanish feudal patron-client relationship

Militant peasant and workers' groups were formed during the U.S. occupation despite the repressive situation. A movement for Philippine independence, involving diverse groups, continued throughout the occupation. A Commonwealth government was established in 1935 to allow limited self-rule but this was interrupted by the Second World War and the Japanese occupation. The guerilla movement against Japanese fascism was led mainly by socialists and communists, known by their acronym, HUKS.

Shortly after the end of the Second World War, flag independence was regained although the U.S. imposed certain conditions, including the disenfranchisement of progressive political parties, the retention of U.S. military bases and the signing of economic agreements allowing the U.S. continued control over the Philippine economy.

America In the 1950s America was the center of covert and overt conflict between the Soviet Union and

the United States. Their varying collusion with national, populist, and elitist interests destabilized the region. The United States CIA orchestrated the overthrow of the Guatemalan government in 1954. In 1958 the military dictatorship of Venezuela was overthrown. This continued a pattern of regional revolution and warfare making extensive use of ground forces.

In 1957, Dr. François Duvalier came to power in an election in Haiti. He later declared himself president for life, and ruled until his death in 1971.

in 1959, Alaska (3 January) and Hawaii (21 August) becomes in new states of United States. In 1959 Fidel Castro overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, establishing a 

communist government in the country. Although Castro initially sought aid from the US, he was rebuffed and later turned to the Soviet Union.

NORAD signed in 1959 by Canada and the United States creating a unified North American air defense system.

Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956, and on April 21, 1960, became the capital of Brazil

Clockwise, from left: United Nations soldiers during the Korean War, which was the first UN authorized conflict; Two atomic explosions from the RDS-37 and Upshot-Knothole (Soviet and American, respectively) nuclear weapons, symbolizing the escalation of Cold War tensions between the two nations in the 1950s; Israeli troops prepare to fight the Egyptians during the Suez Crisis of 1956; A replica of Sputnik I, the world's first satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957; Fidel Castro leads theCuban Revolution in 1959; North Sea flood of 1953

With the final conquest of the American frontier(Red Indians),US capital started eyeing new areas of investment. Arriving late on the scene as a world power the US could only acquire new territory at the expense of established European states.

Cuba had long been eyed by the South as a means of expanding US slave empire. As plans started for the construction of a canal across Central America, control of Cuba became even more essential. Also the growing trade with China and Asia created a need for a US base in the western Pacific. Philippines was ideal for this purpose. At the time both were Spanish possessions.

Spain, weakened by 31/2 centuries of fighting was hardly in a position to oppose the United States. The only issue for US was how to convince a public raised on the ideals of the American Revolution and the civil war to accept an imperialistic war aimed at capturing Cuba and the Philipines. The fortunate outbreak of popular rebellions against Spanish rule in both places provided US government with the required justification.

The Spanish -Philipine war for independence(1896) was led by Emilio Aguinaldo but by 1898 the Spaniards had crushed it and exiled its leaders.Meanwhile Spain had also been fighting a loosing battle with the Americans in which her colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam were over run and her Atlantic Fleet devastated outside Santiago, Cuba.

Hardly had Emilio Aguinaldo been exiled and the ‘rebellion’ in the Philipine crushed by Spain, that Admiral Dewey showed up with the US fleet to wipe out Spain’s Pacific Fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay.The Americans now unleashed the Flipnos on the Spanish, holding out the promise of independence.

U.S. employed only 69,000 troops but proved more ruthless then the Spainards.Backed by modern cannons, Gatling guns and naval canons, they demonstrated an unflinching willingness to kill the Filipino; entire villages were destroyed, civilians murdered, prisoners tortured and mutilated along with a host of other atrocities. Many American officers and non-coms having served in the Indian Wars, applied their old belief that “the only good Indian was a dead Indian” to the Filipinos.

Captain Elliott, of the 20 th Kansas Regiment, wrote home in a letter dated February 27th:”Talk about war being ‘hell,’ this war beats the hottest estimate ever made of that locality. Caloocan was supposed to contain seventeen thousand inhabitants. The Twentieth Kansas swept through it, and now Caloocan contains not one living native. Of the buildings, the battered walls of the great church and dismal prison alone remain. The village of Maypaja, where our first fight occurred on the night of the fourth, had five thousand people on that day, — now not one stone remains upon top of another.

The Catholic Flipnos succumbed as easily to the US forces ,as their savage ancestors had to the Spainards.Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in March, 1902, and organized opposition from his followers soon faded.

On 4 July 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt noted in the declaration of termination, “peace has been established in all parts of the archipelago except in the country inhabited by the Moro tribes, to which this proclamation does not apply.

Officially the Filipnos lost 20,000 military dead and minimum 200,000 civilian dead. Historians however place the numbers of civilian dead at 500,000 or even higher.American losses in the war were only .

The Americans continued to rule the islands until the Filipino came to accept what American deemed the ignorance and recalcitrance of a primitive race, own American values and institutions, and run their society in ways acceptable to the United States.This was achieved by 1946.

JapanesOcuppationAndInfluences

A Japanese soldier standing in front of an American propaganda poster during the occupation of the Philippines in

1943

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation, they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic.[13] Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese.[14] The Japanese-sponsored republic was headed by President José P. Laurel.[15] Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political institutions began under Jorge B. Vargas, who was originally appointed by Quezon as the mayor of Greater Manila before Quezon departed Manila.[16] The only political party allowed during the occupation was the Japanese-organized KALIBAPI.[17] During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal to the United States,[18] and war crimescommitted by forces of the Empire of Japan against surrendered Allied forces,[19] and civilians were documented.[20][21]

When General MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army late in 1944, he was well supplied with information. It has been said that by the time MacArthur returned, he knew what every Japanese lieutenant ate for breakfast and where he had his hair cut. But the return was not easy. The Japanese Imperial General Staff decided to make the Philippines their final line of defense, and to stop the American advance toward Japan. They sent every available soldier, airplane and naval vessel into the defense of the Philippines. The Kamikaze corps was created specifically to defend the Philippines. The Battle of Leyte Gulf ended in disaster for the Japanese and was the biggest naval battle of World War II, and the campaign to re-take the Philippines was the bloodiest campaign of the Pacific War. But intelligence information gathered by the guerrillas averted a bigger disaster—they revealed the plans of JapaneseGeneral Yamashita to entrap MacArthur's army, and they led the liberating soldiers to the Japanese fortifications.[26]

MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944, accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944. Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and around the Lingayen Gulf on the west side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila was initiated.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon, where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up a last-ditch resistance. The Philippine Commonwealth troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter units rose up everywhere for the final offensive.[47] Filipino guerrillas also played a large role during the liberation. One guerrilla unit came to substitute for a regularly constituted American division, and other guerrilla forces of battalion and regimental size supplemented the efforts of the U.S. Army units. Moreover, the loyal and willing Filipino population immeasurably eased the problems of supply, construction,civil administration and furthermore eased

the task of Allied forces in recapturing the country.[48][49]

Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed from all causes; of these 131,028 were listed as killed in seventy-two war crime events.[50] U.S. casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 wounded; Japanese dead were 255,795.[50]