RADIO RADIO BROADCASTINGBROADCASTING

The Power of The Power of RadioRadio

Radio is very powerful because Radio is very powerful because it reaches a huge audience quickly.it reaches a huge audience quickly.

It allows the people in that huge It allows the people in that huge audience to interact with one audience to interact with one another more easily than television another more easily than television viewers or newspaper readers. viewers or newspaper readers.

Radio has the ability to influence Radio has the ability to influence so many people. so many people.

BENEFITS OF BENEFITS OF RADIORADIO

Radio is accessible. Radio is accessible. It is inclusive. Radio can It is inclusive. Radio can

reach most people, reach most people, including the poor, the including the poor, the marginalized and those marginalized and those who cannot read or write. who cannot read or write.

BENEFITS OF BENEFITS OF RADIORADIO

Radio is immediate. Radio is immediate. Radio allows people to Radio allows people to

interact with each other. interact with each other. Radio is most effective Radio is most effective

when it connects on a when it connects on a human level. human level.

CHALLENGES CHALLENGES THAT THAT RADIO RADIO PRESENTSPRESENTS Understanding how Understanding how

and where people listen and where people listen to radio to radio

Getting it Right - Getting it Right -

Right Now Right Now

CHALLENGES CHALLENGES THAT THAT RADIO RADIO PRESENTSPRESENTS Freedom of speech Freedom of speech

It is temporary It is temporary How radio could be How radio could be

effective when it connects effective when it connects on a human level. on a human level.

TYPES OF TYPES OF RADIO STATIONSRADIO STATIONS

community community commercial commercial public public

Skills and Skills and Responsibilities Responsibilities for Radiofor Radio

RESPONSIBILITIESRESPONSIBILITIES Professional journalists, Professional journalists,

whether they work in radio, whether they work in radio, television or print, are television or print, are expected to adhere to basic expected to adhere to basic principles. principles.

Journalists should be:Journalists should be: Accountable Accountable Balanced Balanced

Independent Independent

SkillsSkillsThree core skills of radio:Three core skills of radio: Writing Writing Presenting Presenting Conducting interviewsConducting interviews

What to Say: What to Say: Finding the Angle Finding the Angle

The first step in developing a news story The first step in developing a news story is to find the angle, or the main point of the is to find the angle, or the main point of the story. story.

One way to find the angle is to clarify One way to find the angle is to clarify the facts and then ask the question, "So the facts and then ask the question, "So what?" what?"

To answer the "so what?" question, you To answer the "so what?" question, you need to understand who the listeners are. need to understand who the listeners are. The answer to "so what?" will lead to the The answer to "so what?" will lead to the story angle.story angle.

Finding the angleFinding the angle While researching a story, ask:While researching a story, ask: What is happening or what has What is happening or what has

been happening? been happening? Why is the story important? Why is the story important? Why will listeners care about this Why will listeners care about this

story? story? What will listeners want to know? What will listeners want to know?

Think about:Think about: Listeners Listeners Who are they? Who are they? What will make them identify What will make them identify

with the story and find it relevant with the story and find it relevant and interesting?and interesting?

What do they already know or What do they already know or think about the issue? think about the issue?

What other questions would What other questions would they like to have answered? they like to have answered?

The story from all its perspectivesThe story from all its perspectives Why did the event occur? Why did the event occur? What do people think about the What do people think about the

event that occurred? event that occurred? Who is involved in the event and Who is involved in the event and

why? why? Will something happen in the Will something happen in the

future as a result of the news future as a result of the news event? event?

The necessity of an angleThe necessity of an angle The angle is what makes listeners The angle is what makes listeners

say, "Oh, that's important," or "That's say, "Oh, that's important," or "That's interesting." interesting."

Identifying the angle helps to sharpen Identifying the angle helps to sharpen focus for the story and leads to clearer focus for the story and leads to clearer writing. A story without an angle that writing. A story without an angle that covers every aspect of an issue will be covers every aspect of an issue will be confusing and lose listeners.confusing and lose listeners.

What to Say: What to Say: Writing for Listeners Writing for Listeners READINGREADING

Readers usually focus only on what Readers usually focus only on what they are reading. They are usually not they are reading. They are usually not doing something else at the same time.doing something else at the same time.

LISTENINGLISTENING Listeners are usually doing something Listeners are usually doing something

else while listening to the radio, so their else while listening to the radio, so their focus may be divided unless they are focus may be divided unless they are interested. interested.

READINGREADING Readers can go back to what Readers can go back to what

was written before and re-read it was written before and re-read it to make sense or to clarify. to make sense or to clarify.

LISTENINGLISTENING Listeners hear words and Listeners hear words and

sounds once and then they are sounds once and then they are gone. They only have one gone. They only have one opportunity to understand and opportunity to understand and make sense of a story. make sense of a story.

Writing for the EarWriting for the Ear Writing for radio means Writing for radio means

writing the way people speak. writing the way people speak. Keep the following tips in mind:Keep the following tips in mind:

ClarityClarity is the goal. is the goal. Say aloudSay aloud what you've what you've

written to make sure it makes written to make sure it makes sense. sense.

Writing for the EarWriting for the Ear ImagineImagine that someone is that someone is

listening while you are writing listening while you are writing and pretend you are talking to and pretend you are talking to that listener. that listener.

Keep it simpleKeep it simple by using by using just one idea per sentence just one idea per sentence and avoiding long words. and avoiding long words.

What to Say: What to Say: Tips for Scripting Tips for ScriptingLike other kinds of writing, Like other kinds of writing,

scripting involves several scripting involves several steps:steps:

Researching Researching Creating a structure Creating a structure WritingWriting

ResearchResearch Research is the foundation of any Research is the foundation of any

story. Consider these sources:story. Consider these sources: News events related to the topic News events related to the topic Stories previously written or aired Stories previously written or aired

about the topicabout the topic People who can talk about the People who can talk about the

topic (interviews) topic (interviews) Organizations involved in the story Organizations involved in the story

Review: Writ ing for Review: Writ ing for RadioRadio

1) What is the key to keep in mind 1) What is the key to keep in mind when writing for radio?when writing for radio?

a. Listeners often are not paying full a. Listeners often are not paying full attention to the radio program.attention to the radio program.

b. The ear can process a picture of the b. The ear can process a picture of the words better than the eye can. words better than the eye can.

c. Listeners have only one chance to make c. Listeners have only one chance to make sense of what they hear on radio. sense of what they hear on radio.

Review : Writ ing for Review : Writ ing for RadioRadio

2) When writing for radio: 2) When writing for radio: a. Always be careful to use correct a. Always be careful to use correct

grammar.grammar. b. Use simple words.b. Use simple words. c. Imagine talking to one listener.c. Imagine talking to one listener.

d. Do not fit too many ideas in one d. Do not fit too many ideas in one sentence.sentence.

So how do you write a news So how do you write a news report? report? A news report is a fact-based report A news report is a fact-based report

(or recount) that aims to provide the (or recount) that aims to provide the reader information.reader information.

When writing a news report, you must aim When writing a news report, you must aim to answer the questions:to answer the questions:

What? Who? When? Where? What? Who? When? Where? How?How? – and possibly, – and possibly, Why?Why?

The first sentence must contain the The first sentence must contain the most important part of the story; the main most important part of the story; the main bit, the best bit, the climax. bit, the best bit, the climax.

The most important bit is often the The most important bit is often the answer to the “What?” question. answer to the “What?” question.

The first sentence is called the The first sentence is called the leadlead . . Following the lead, are paragraphs Following the lead, are paragraphs

containing information of less importance (but containing information of less importance (but still answering the Who? What? Where? still answering the Who? What? Where? When? How? and Why? questions). In most When? How? and Why? questions). In most news writing each paragraph is only one news writing each paragraph is only one sentence long.sentence long.

The rest of the information is added to the The rest of the information is added to the story in story in descendingdescending order of importance. order of importance.

This story structure – putting most This story structure – putting most important information first and the least important information first and the least important information last – is called the important information last – is called the inverted pyramidinverted pyramid ..

Ten guidelines to clearer writ ing

1. One idea per sentence.No: Columbine High School in Littleton,

Colorado, experienced the largest of recent high school murder rampages last week, and DeKalb school officials, along with police, are reacting to a rumor of violence at DeKalb High School.

Yes: School officials and police are reacting quickly to a rumored threat of violence at DeKalb High School. The response follows last week's high school massacre in Littleton, Colorado.

2. Limit sentence length to 23-25 words. If you can't read a sentence aloud

without a breath, it's too long.No: After the announcement was made by

President John Tourette that he will be retiring early next year, Boey, under his board authority, created an ad hoc committee that will find representatives to sit on the actual search committee. (37 words) Yes: President John Tourette has announced that he will retire early next year. (12 words) Boey has since created a temporary committee to choose a search committee. (12 words)

3. S-V-O: Subject-Verb-Object. Right-branching sentences (think of a train engine). Don't delay meaning. Don't use a lot of commas.

No: Mauger, who worked as a bursar at DePaul University in Chicago prior to working at Beloit, said she missed the university environment.

Yes: Mauger was a bursar at Chicago's DePaul University before her Beloit job. She missed the university environment.

4. Use strong verbs and an active voice.

No: The poem will be read by La Tourette.

Yes: La Tourette will read the poem.

5. Reduce diff icult words to their simplest terms. Don't let bureaucrats dictate your word choices.

No: The search committee will be constructed in accordance with Article 8 of the NIU constitution.

Yes: NIU's constitution dictates the search committee's makeup.

6. Don't back into a sentence.

No: The end of the academic year and the end of the legislative session were two reasons La Tourette cited.

Yes: La Tourette cited two reasons: the end of the academic year and the end of the legislative session.

7. Don't use more than three numbers in any one sentence.

No: Wednesday, the NIU baseball team's winless streak hit 22 as NIU (4-37-1) dropped a twin bill to Miami (21-18-1), 8-2 and 10-5, at Oxford, Ohio.

Yes: Oxford, Ohio Ñ NIU's baseball losing streak reached 22 as the Huskies dropped a doubleheader Wednesday to Miami, 8-2 and 10-5.

8. Use no more than three prepositional phrases per sentence.

No: Students who will be graduating from NIU will be honored at a senior luncheon from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Friday in the Regency Room of the Holmes Student Center.

Yes: Friday's senior luncheon will honor students about to graduate. The event runs from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. in the Holmes Student Center's Regency Room.

9. Choose the precise word.No: This will increase the number of participants from 55 students a week to 200 students a week, and in that extra 145 students the age for attendance also will change. The present center is only equipped to handle children ages 2-6, but the new center will have the capacity to serve infants, too. (2 sentences, 53 words total)Yes: This will increase the center's weekly capacity, from 55 children to 200. And, while the current center takes children ages 2-6, the new center will take infants, too. (2 sentences, 28 words total)

10. KISS (keep it simple, stupid).

No: Biological sciences professor Karl Johnson passed away Tuesday at the age of 55, following a long, courageous battle with cancer.

Yes: Biology professor Karl Johnson died of cancer Tuesday. He was 55.

VoiceVoice The best The best voicevoice for radio is for radio is

natural and relaxed. The more natural and relaxed. The more comfortable you are with yourself comfortable you are with yourself and your voice, the clearer your and your voice, the clearer your voice will be. voice will be.

Voice exercises can help build Voice exercises can help build confidence and promote speaking confidence and promote speaking clearly.clearly.

VoiceVoice Listen to someone who mumbles or Listen to someone who mumbles or

someone who lowers the volume of someone who lowers the volume of her voice at the end of her sentences her voice at the end of her sentences and notice how hard it is to understand and notice how hard it is to understand what she is saying. what she is saying.

Since listeners can't interrupt the radio Since listeners can't interrupt the radio to ask what was said, radio presenters to ask what was said, radio presenters must take extra care to be clear. must take extra care to be clear.

Here are some tips:Here are some tips: Before you go on air, do some exercises Before you go on air, do some exercises

to free up your jaw and tongue. to free up your jaw and tongue. If you are planning to read from a script, If you are planning to read from a script,

practice aloud until you feel confident. Pay practice aloud until you feel confident. Pay special attention to difficult words and special attention to difficult words and foreign names. foreign names.

Practice your pace and rhythm. Are you Practice your pace and rhythm. Are you speaking too fast or too slow? Remember speaking too fast or too slow? Remember to pause and breathe naturally. Ask to pause and breathe naturally. Ask someone to give you feedback. someone to give you feedback.

How to Say It: How to Say It: Presentation Tips Presentation Tips

Before going on the air:Before going on the air: Avoid stressful situations.Avoid stressful situations. Get plenty of rest to feel free and alert.Get plenty of rest to feel free and alert. Allow plenty of time to prepare. Allow plenty of time to prepare. Check for necessary items, such as Check for necessary items, such as

script, reading glasses, water, etc.script, reading glasses, water, etc. Wear loose, comfortable clothing.Wear loose, comfortable clothing. Do some relaxation exercises. Do some relaxation exercises.

Prepare the voicePrepare the voice • Avoid fizzy drinks and milky Avoid fizzy drinks and milky

liquids. They can cause a film on liquids. They can cause a film on the throat, which causes throat the throat, which causes throat clearing.clearing.

• Don't eat sweets or chocolate. Don't eat sweets or chocolate. Sugar thickens saliva.Sugar thickens saliva.

• Allow time for voice warm-ups Allow time for voice warm-ups and breathing exercises.and breathing exercises.

Prepare your body and posture.Prepare your body and posture. Take a minute to relax your Take a minute to relax your

neck and shoulders. Do deep neck and shoulders. Do deep breathing to focus your mind breathing to focus your mind and body.  Breathe from the and body.  Breathe from the diaphragm.diaphragm.

Check your posture and make Check your posture and make sure the microphone is in a sure the microphone is in a good position. good position.

Prepare your body and posturePrepare your body and posture Focus your thoughts and regulate Focus your thoughts and regulate

your breathing.  your breathing.   Remember to gesture.Remember to gesture. Finally, remind yourself that you are Finally, remind yourself that you are

ready.   Try saying to yourself: ready.   Try saying to yourself: I'm going to talk to one listener, I'm going to talk to one listener, just beyond the microphone.just beyond the microphone.

I'm exactly where I want to be.I'm exactly where I want to be. I'm well-prepared.I'm well-prepared.

Two of the most common faults in news reading: monotonous delivery and slow reading.

Follow the patternThe reading of news on the radio is

expected to conform to a pattern of musical pitches or notes.

If you were to speak to your friends using this exaggerated pitch pattern, your conversation would seem a bit too much like "sing-song."

Change pitches Stories begin on a "high" pitch and end on a "low" pitch. In between the pitch modulates from one clause or sentence to the next. Within a clause or sentence, the pitch falls slightly from beginning to end, except in questions, where the pitch rises at the end. For example, in a standard, four-sentence script, the pitch begins "high," falling slightly at the end of the first sentence. The second sentence begins at a lower pitch than the end of the first sentence. The third sentence begins at a higher pitch than the beginning of the second sentence. The final sentence, like the second sentence, begins at a "low" pitch.

When news directors, program directors or general managers complain about monotonous delivery, they are referring to readers who remain on the same pitch throughout the script. The easiest way to gain an understanding of pitch is to listen to the pitch patterns of other anchors and reporters, and to practice, practice, practice. With time, the pattern will become automatic when you're on the air.

Speed it up The other common fault in news reading concerns speed. Most beginning radio journalists read and speak too slowly. Radio cannot provide the additional visual information that exists when speaking in public or on television.

With only one mode of information-retrieval available, the radio listener prefers to process speech at a faster rate. Normal conversational speed is generally too slow for reading radio news.

Some reporters and anchors -- notably those on public radio -- seem to want to make an art form out of speaking VERY SLOWLY.

This style can be used when broadcasting over an overseas radio.

Use examples from foreign news programs such as BBC, FOX and CNN to set the speed for reading the news.

ScriptsScripts Use these guidelines for reading scripts: Use these guidelines for reading scripts:

PreparePrepare . Unless there's a real . Unless there's a real emergency, never read anything on air that emergency, never read anything on air that hasn't been practiced aloud. Tongue-hasn't been practiced aloud. Tongue-twisters are not always apparent until they twisters are not always apparent until they are spoken aloud.are spoken aloud.

UnderstandUnderstand . Never read anything that . Never read anything that could be confusing to your listener. Your could be confusing to your listener. Your voice will reflect it. Take the time to re-write voice will reflect it. Take the time to re-write the script before reading.the script before reading.

ScriptsScripts Mark the scriptMark the script . Underline key . Underline key

words, mark pauses (with "/" or another words, mark pauses (with "/" or another symbol), write phonetic pronunciations symbol), write phonetic pronunciations for foreign words.for foreign words.

Choose the appropriate tone Choose the appropriate tone of voiceof voice . How much emotion/feeling . How much emotion/feeling should be conveyed? Should the tone should be conveyed? Should the tone be light-hearted or serious? be light-hearted or serious?

ScriptsScripts Look aheadLook ahead . Don't look at the . Don't look at the

script word by word. Train yourself to script word by word. Train yourself to take in whole blocks of words. take in whole blocks of words.

Handle mistakes professionallyHandle mistakes professionally . . If you make a mistake, don't panic. If it's If you make a mistake, don't panic. If it's a big error--one that could cause a big error--one that could cause confusion or misunderstanding-- confusion or misunderstanding-- apologize and correct it. apologize and correct it. Otherwise, take a breath and Otherwise, take a breath and carry on. Don't draw attention to carry on. Don't draw attention to stumbles.stumbles.

News BulletinsNews Bulletins A news bulletin is a round-up A news bulletin is a round-up

of the main stories of the of the main stories of the moment. Main news bulletins moment. Main news bulletins usually appear at the top of the usually appear at the top of the hour and shorter bulletins are hour and shorter bulletins are often placed on the half hour. often placed on the half hour. They may also be integrated into They may also be integrated into news programs. news programs.

Stories in news bulletins are Stories in news bulletins are typically presented in the typically presented in the following order:following order:

National stories or issues National stories or issues that might have the most that might have the most impact on listeners' daily lives impact on listeners' daily lives

Local stories  Local stories  International stories International stories

Structure of a News BulletinStructure of a News Bulletin A news bulletin may contain some or all of A news bulletin may contain some or all of

these ingredients:these ingredients: Hard copyHard copy is the scripted version of is the scripted version of

the news stories in the bulletin (without the news stories in the bulletin (without interview clips or other sound) as read by interview clips or other sound) as read by the news reader or anchor. the news reader or anchor.

A news cue A news cue isis what the news reader what the news reader or anchor says to introduce a recorded or anchor says to introduce a recorded report, clip, or question and answer.  A report, clip, or question and answer.  A good cue introduces the clip clearly, good cue introduces the clip clearly, concisely and smoothly. concisely and smoothly.

Structure of a News BulletinStructure of a News Bulletin A cl ip or soundbiteA clip or soundbite is a very is a very

short, recorded comment from someone who short, recorded comment from someone who is key to the news story. Clips are usually just is key to the news story. Clips are usually just a few seconds in length.  They are often a few seconds in length.  They are often recorded on the phone, but can also be recorded on the phone, but can also be recorded in person by a reporter on the scene. recorded in person by a reporter on the scene.

Structure of a News BulletinStructure of a News Bulletin A voicerA voicer is a short piece, written is a short piece, written

and read by a reporter, not the news and read by a reporter, not the news reader, which gives more detail about reader, which gives more detail about a news story.  a news story.  

It may be recorded at the scene of It may be recorded at the scene of the story, or the reporter may go out the story, or the reporter may go out to the scene to investigate and then to the scene to investigate and then return to the station to write and return to the station to write and record the voicer. record the voicer.

Structure of a News BulletinStructure of a News Bulletin A report/wrap-around/packageA report/wrap-around/package

is similar to a voicer, but also includes is similar to a voicer, but also includes clips and sound. clips and sound.

Questions and answers or Q & Questions and answers or Q & AsAs are conducted between the news are conducted between the news reader and a reporter at the scene of the reader and a reporter at the scene of the news story.  The news reader essentially news story.  The news reader essentially interviews the reporter. This is usually interviews the reporter. This is usually done live. done live.

Beth r. / aug. 22/ manila t imesBeth r. / aug. 22/ manila t imes

Always write in the upper left Always write in the upper left corner of the paper the name corner of the paper the name of the news writer then the of the news writer then the date it was written plus the date it was written plus the source of the news story.source of the news story.

Beth r. / aug. 22/ manila t imesBeth r. / aug. 22/ manila t imes More than one thousand public school More than one thousand public school

principals nationwide are set to undergo principals nationwide are set to undergo competency training.competency training.

The department of education says the The department of education says the government will conduct the training in government will conduct the training in partnership with the southeast asian partnership with the southeast asian ministers of education organization, ministers of education organization, regional center for educational regional center for educational innovation and technology.innovation and technology.

Aside from upgrading the Aside from upgrading the competencies of public school competencies of public school principals, the training would help principals, the training would help optimize leadership and management optimize leadership and management capabilities of public school principals.capabilities of public school principals.

The training will be a combination of The training will be a combination of online classes, individual coaching online classes, individual coaching through the internet and face-to-face through the internet and face-to-face sessions.sessions.

beth r./ aug 22/manila t imesbeth r./ aug 22/manila t imes More than one thousand public school principals More than one thousand public school principals

nationwide are set to undergo competency training.nationwide are set to undergo competency training.

The department of education says the government will The department of education says the government will conduct the training in partnership with the southeast conduct the training in partnership with the southeast asian ministers of education organization, regional center asian ministers of education organization, regional center for educational innovation and technology.for educational innovation and technology.

Aside from upgrading the competencies of public school Aside from upgrading the competencies of public school principals, the training would help optimize leadership and principals, the training would help optimize leadership and management capabilities of public school principals.management capabilities of public school principals.

The training will be a combination of online classes, The training will be a combination of online classes, individual coaching through the internet and face-to-face individual coaching through the internet and face-to-face sessions.sessions.

Gene/ aug.22/ manila t imesGene/ aug.22/ manila t imes

Mahigit isang libong punong guro sa mga Mahigit isang libong punong guro sa mga pampublikong paaralan sa buong bansa pampublikong paaralan sa buong bansa ang sasailalim sa isang pagsasanay upang ang sasailalim sa isang pagsasanay upang lalo pang maiangat ang kalidad ng kanilang lalo pang maiangat ang kalidad ng kanilang pagtuturo.pagtuturo.

Ayon sa kagawaran ng edukasyon, Ayon sa kagawaran ng edukasyon, katuwang ng pamahalaan ang southeast katuwang ng pamahalaan ang southeast asian ministers of education organization, asian ministers of education organization, regional center for educational innovation regional center for educational innovation and technology sa pagsasagawa ng and technology sa pagsasagawa ng naturang pagsasanay.naturang pagsasanay.

Layunin din ng pagsasanay na lalo Layunin din ng pagsasanay na lalo pang pahusayin ang kakakyahan sa pang pahusayin ang kakakyahan sa pamamahala ng mga punong guro.pamamahala ng mga punong guro.

Ang pagsasanay ay isasagawa sa Ang pagsasanay ay isasagawa sa pamamagitan ng indibidwal at pamamagitan ng indibidwal at grupong pag-aaral gamit ang internet grupong pag-aaral gamit ang internet at mga sesyon sa silid-aralan.at mga sesyon sa silid-aralan.

Gene / aug. 22/manila t imesGene / aug. 22/manila t imes

Mahigit isang libong punong guro sa mga pampublikong Mahigit isang libong punong guro sa mga pampublikong paaralan sa buong bansa ang sasailalim sa isang pagsasanay paaralan sa buong bansa ang sasailalim sa isang pagsasanay upang lalo pang maiangat ang kalidad ng kanilang pagtuturo.upang lalo pang maiangat ang kalidad ng kanilang pagtuturo.

Ayon sa kagawaran ng edukasyon, katuwang ng pamahalaan Ayon sa kagawaran ng edukasyon, katuwang ng pamahalaan ang southeast asian ministers of education organization, ang southeast asian ministers of education organization, regional center for educational innovation and technology sa regional center for educational innovation and technology sa pagsasagawa ng naturang pagsasanay.pagsasagawa ng naturang pagsasanay.

Layunin din ng pagsasanay na lalo pang pahusayin ang Layunin din ng pagsasanay na lalo pang pahusayin ang kakakyahan sa pamamahala ng mga punong guro.kakakyahan sa pamamahala ng mga punong guro.

Ang pagsasanay ay isasagawa sa pamamagitan ng indibidwal Ang pagsasanay ay isasagawa sa pamamagitan ng indibidwal at grupong pag-aaral gamit ang internet at mga sesyon sa silid-at grupong pag-aaral gamit ang internet at mga sesyon sa silid-aralan.aralan.

Criteria for EvaluationThe challenge is to present a well-

organized, clearly communicated newscast.

1. To what extent did the student provide clear and logical organization of the news script.

2. To what extent did the presentation reflect effective language skills, including such items as the use of smooth transitions with clear, vivid, and appropriate word choices?

3. To what extent was the delivery in a clear, pleasant, and confident voice, reflecting good articulation, pronunciation, volume, pitch, and voice quality?

4. To what extent was the infomercial presented as an important hem in the newscast without dominating the news?

5. To what extent did the student deliver the newscast without unnatural speeding up or slowing down?

Mission

1. To develop the skills of students in writing, editing, and organizing news items from supplied material in a limited period of time. (one hour news writing)

2. To be able to train students to deliver a 5 minute radio newscast.