Questions of journalism and mass communication tribhuvan university nepal

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Tribhuvan University | Question Bank | MA First Year Mass communication and Journalism © Media Kurakani (www.mediakurakani.com)

© Media Kurakani (www.mediakurakani.com)

JMC 531 (Mass Communication Theories)

1. Describe the range of mass communication theories in their social, intellectual and history setting.

Year: 2059

Group "A" (Long Answer Questions) 3×20=60

2. What do you understand by the Asian Perspectives of the Communication Theory? Discuss.

3. There can be a number of different, often competing, media structures within the one and the same national media system. This diversity of media structures can be analyzed and understood on basis of some principles. What are they? Describe.

4. Describe the distinctive feature of media organizations in contradiction to other formal organizations. Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

5. Distinguish a dominant paradigm from an alternative paradigm.

6. Discuss the four models of public communication. Clarify the definitions of mass communication.

7. What are the implications of globalization of culture for a country like Nepal?

8. Describe briefly the distinctive features of media economics. 9. What is the 'Spiral of Silence'? 10. Engwall has made significant contribution to the

understanding of mass communicator's role in society. Explain succinctly.


Year: 2060

1. The models of communication have developed through four stages. What are they? Describe and discuss their relevance to the respective times of their development.

2. Discuss some of the basic theories related to the phenomenon of inter personal communication.

3. Show an acquaintance with some of the Asian oriented communication theories. Does the search for Asian perspective on communication theories imply outright rejection of western-oriented theories?

4. Which are the seven types of theories to explain the relations between media and society? Describe fully.

Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

5. Distinguish the Chicago School from the Frankfurt School in terms of the media sociology.

6. The performance of the press can be evaluated on the basis of normative theories. Explain.

7. What do you understand by audience activity? 8. "Content is influenced by media organizational routines."

Explain. 9. Show in a diagrammatic form a typology of media effects in

terms of time span and intentionality. 10. What role has been conceived of for communication in

development theories? Describe briefly.

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1. Explain the significance of symbols in the process of structuring human reality.

Year: 2061


2. Give an overview of the development of mass communication theories in the twentieth century.

3. What are the issues relevant to the media cultural theory? Discuss giving pertinent examples.

4. Describe referring to the relevant models the type of rules, regulations and scrutiny that the media institutions carry along with them according to their different characteristics. Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

5. What is telematic media? 6. Why Shannon's mathematical theory of communication is

called the precursor of the Information theory? 7. Write briefly about the four types of audience of media. 8. What are the approaches to the study of sociology of mass

communication? 9. How do you distinguish long-term planned effect of media

from their unplanned effect? 10. What is the theory of news diffusion?

1. What are the basic approaches to the study of media theories? Describe in terms of the types of perspectives.

Year: 2062


2. Is there any need for Asian approaches to communication? Discuss.

3. The recent social and technological changes have undermined the traditional view of mass communication, and so, communication scholars have suggested to consider alternative views of the process which would be more representative of new communication process or CMC. There is a set of four such models, which sketch the process of telematic communication. Describe them briefly.

4. "Mass communication plays a part in the complex process of socialization especially in societies where the mass meda are ubiquitous" (Charles Wright). Why? Discuss. Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

5. What is the main thesis of Democratic-Participant Media theory?

6. What do you understand by public interest in mass media? 7. Audiences are formed by the sources at macro and micro

levels. How? 8. 'Media campaign effect' is identified as a planned short-term

effect, but 'events outcomes effects' is an unplanned long-term effect. Why?

9. Distinguish the dominant paradigm from the alternative paradigm for mass communication theory.

10. Does media content reflect social reality or his influenced itself by media-organizational routines? Discuss briefly.



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1. What are the main features of mass institutions as described by Danis McQuail ? Delineate them succinctly.

Year: 2063


2. The Critical political-Economic Theory of Media is inspired by Marxism, but its approach has a much wider base in the critical analysis of media structure and economics. Explain.

3. Media research scholars' interest in studying the audience's uses of th media has been revived after 1970s. Why? Give reasons on the basis of audience theory and research methodology.

4. Map out the main kinds of media effects process in terms of the co-ordinates of TIME and INTENTIONALITY. Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

5. Distinguish digitalization from information. 6. Why some media theories are called 'society-centric' and

others 'media centric'. Explain briefly with examples. 7. What is the use of convergence model of communication? 8. Sketch the position of the media organization with its

internal structure at the centre of a field of soial forces. 9. Make a distiction between the concepts of responsibility and

accountability. 10. Sociological significance of media technology.


Year: 2064

1. What are the issues of culture, which stimulated rethinking about mass communication in relation in relation to society? Describe with reference to the relevant School of Thought.

2. What are the three variant approaches to the sociological study of audience? Describe briefly.

3. Devis McQuail has suggested that a framework for assessment of media performance and structure can be organized under six main headings. Enumerate them with brief explanations of principles underlying each of them.

4. Discuss the theories of 'Individual Reaction' and 'Collective Reaction' in the context of main therapy of media effects.


5. Describe briefly the social trends relevant to mass

communication. 6. Lasswell Models vs. Four Models of Mass communication

process. 7. Sociology of mass communicator. 8. Uses and gratification theory. 9. Mass culture as distinguished from high culture and

popular culture. 10. Globalization process and mass media in Nepal.



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1. "The social and cultural effects of mass communication are difficult to assess." Why? Give reasons.

Year: 2065


2. Describe the four models of Normative Media Theory as proposed by McQuail.

3. What are the main motives that have guided the study of media content? Describe briefly.

4. How is the audience viewed as a mass market? Discuss.


5. Functionalism vs. social constructivism. 6. Three regulatory models of mass communication. 7. The reality of global communication. 8. General Criteria of media professionalism. 9. Online Journalism and Nepal. 10. The spiral of silence theory.

1. Explain the basis of one scientific theory that you know the complex relations that exist between media and social and cultural life of people.

Year: 2066


2. Describe aided by a diagrammatic sketch the elements of the sociological process of mass communication.

3. 'Basic models of communication have evolved overtime.' Justify the statement.

4. What are the basic assumptions of the Uses and Gratification theory? Describe succinctly.


5. Asian approach to communication studies. 6. Media - materialist vs. social - materialist approaches. 7. The information society 8. Agenda setting and framing. 9. Public service broadcasting. 10. Social forces surrounding a media organization.

1. Describe with a figurative model the pyramidical view of communication process.

Year: 2067

Group "A" (Long Answer Questions)

2. The four models of mass communication process emphasize human use of media technology unlike the older definitions of mass communication process. Explain.

3. What do you understand by computer-mediated communication? How do you relate to community formation?

4. Describe briefly the main themes, which have gone into the shaping of the media society theories.


5. The Golding model of media effects. 6. General criteria of media professionalism. 7. Main motives for the study of media content. 8. Functionalism vs. social constructionism.



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9. Main normative principles. 10. Alternative models of mass media regulation.

JMC. 532 (Principles of Journalism)

1. Critically examine the role of news contents in the Nepalese broadcast media.

Year: 2059


2. How do you access the growth of daily newspapers in Nepal?

3. Discuss the principles of media pluralism. 4. Evaluate the codes of conduct developed by Press Council

Nepal for Journalist.

Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×7.5=30

5. What are the key principles of journalism? 6. How far have the Nepalese media been able to reach the

people? Give examples 7. Explain the role of newspapers 8. Discuss the impact of documentary films as an information

channel. 9. Examining the functioning of alternative media. 10. Write Short notes on any TWO.

a. Vertical ownership b. Documentary films c. Press associations

Group "A" (Long Answer Question) 3×15= 45

Year: 2060

1. Discuss the role of news media in democratic participation of people.

2. Examine the financial investment climate for media houses in Nepal after 1990.

3. How do you assess the application of the basic principles of journalism in the Nepalese media?

4. Why is radio the most relevant media for Nepal?

Group "B" Short Answer Questions 4×7.5= 30

5. Explain media values in principle and practice. 6. What are the main stages of journalism's growth in Nepal? 7. Discuss the impact of media on society. 8. How does media contribute to informing the public

accurately and fairly? 9. Examine the practice of development journalism in Nepal,

with emphasis on illustrations and graphics. 10. Write Short notes on any TWO:

a. Cross-Ownership b. Gate-keepers c. Newsreels



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1. Discuss the factors that led to the arrival of journalism in Nepal.

Year 2061

Group "A" (Long Answer Question) 3×15= 45

2. What are the main theories of modern journalism? 3. How has the restoration of multiparty democracy affected

the growth and development of various news media in Nepal?

4. How do you assess the application of 'ABC of Journalism' in the World, with special reference to Nepal?

Group "B" Short Answer Questions 4×7.5= 30

5. Discuss the various stages of development of journalism in the world, with special reference to Nepal.

6. What is development journalism? 7. Why is monopoly in Media against the spirit of democracy?

Give examples. 8. List and elaborate the various broadcast media and their

presence in Nepal. 9. Examine the use and abuse of illustrations in news

magazines.

1. Discuss media freedom, with special fuscous on licentiousness verses social responsibility.

Year: 2062


2. How do you take thee good ethical decisions? Describe in the light of ethical principles of journalism.

3. What is the dilemma of the objectivity and subjectivity in journalism?

4. Why the use of photography, graphics and other illustrative materials is given priority in a magazine?


5. Media watch mechanism in Nepal. 6. Inclusiveness in media functioning and service. 7. What is gate keeping and how it works in media? 8. Community and commercial radio. 9. Describe various types of lenses and their uses. 10. What is journalistic fairness?

1. Compare and contrast print journalism practices with those of broadcast media practices in Nepal.

Year: 2063


2. Describe the characteristics of newspaper journalism with suitable examples.

3. Explain the universally accepted principles of journalism and media practices in Nepal. Give examples.

4. What are the advantages digital photography brought in the professional life of the photojournalists?


5. Globalization and localization of news media. 6. Is there an Asian value system in journalism? 7. How journalism functions as a watchdog of the society? 8. New trends in magazine publication.



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9. 'Documentary film is a creative expression of reality.' Explain. 10. Business and editorial operation of a newspaper.

1. How has modern technology impacted the news media in Nepal?

Year: 2064


2. Describe the importance of press freedom as one of the major principles of journalism and explain how is it reflected in the legal system of the country?

3. What is the general state of ownership of Nepal's major media organizations and the functioning of news media?

4. What are the basic components of journalistic ethics reflected in code of conduct for journalists? Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×7.5=30

5. Proximity factor. 6. Is news media industry a business? 7. Rise of specialized magazines. 8. Describe the darkroom process and say how you develop

film and make prints. 9. Factors influencing film production and showing. 10. Broadcast program formats.


Year: 2065

1. Relate political development with journalism, with reference to Nepal.

2. Discuss some of the prominent thoughts concerning freedom of expression that had an impact on journalism.

3. Why are the basic qualities of journalism distinct from other qualities of practices?

4. Discuss about photo editing and its process step by step.


5. What do you know about horizontal and diagonal ownership of media?

6. Do you think state-imposed codes of conduct are needed in a democratic society?

7. Importance of digital technology in photojournalism. 8. Why the use of illustrations and graphics is given priority in

a magazine? 9. News media as a business activity and social service. 10. Write short notes on any TWO:

a. Sting journalism b. Freelance journalism c. Gate-keeping



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1. Discuss the emergence of the print media as world's first news media and how it is influencing other types of media.

Year: 2066


2. Do you agree with the thinking that there are different value systems for media functioning in different societies?

3. What is the media environment in an electoral democracy and in a liberal democracy?

4. Do the basic principles of news dissemination apply to those of op-ed contents? Group "B" (Short Answer Questions) 4×7.5=30

5. Why news media are called watchdog of the society? 6. Explain cross-ownership of media. 7. "Medium is the message." Explain. 8. Discuss the significance of news source in professinal

journalism? 9. Discuss the principles of photo analysis. 10. Write about actually format as a widely practiced broadcast

program format.

1. How do different interest groups try to use news media as propaganda tools?

Year: 2066 (New)


2. Define credibility. What are the ways of maintaining it in the news media?

3. Discuss, with examples, public journalism and 'one journalism.'

4. Explain narrowcasting and fragmentation of audiences.


5. What is the significance of precision journalism? 6. Discuss Alan Chalkley's definition of development

journalism and its relevance in Nepal. 7. Why do some critics describe investigative reporting as

muckrake? 8. "Journalism is literature in a hurry." Do you agree? 9. Define gate - keeping and its functioning in news media. 10. Write short notes on any TWO:

a. Sting journalism b. Partisan press c. Marketplace of ideas

1. Discuss the Fourth Theories of the press, with special references to media in Nepal.

Year: 2067


2. Explain the significance of news media as a free marketplace of ideas.

3. What does "tabloid journalism" denote? 4. Discuss hot and cold media. Give examples.


5. How does journalism contribute to participatory democracy? Give examples.



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6. Who are the key news agency subscribers? 7. What are the pitfalls of gate keeping? 8. Why is journalism called literature in a hurry? 9. Compare and contrast print media with broadcast

journalism. 10. Write short notes on any TWO:

a. Ombudsman b. Conglomerate c. Walter Lippmann

JMC. 533

(History of Journalism and Mass Communication)

1. Describe the role of local and community media in Nepal vis-s-vis the expansion of national news media with emphasis on their historical perspective.

Year: 2059

Group 'A' (Long Answer Question) 3×20=60

2. What influence modern technologies are having on the future of publication industry from global historical perspective? Explain.

3. What do you understand by the term globalization of information? Describe it in the context of the emergence of global newspapers and television media.

4. Describe the scope and impact of magazine journalism in modern times.

Group 'B' (Short Answer Question) 4×10=40 5. Write short notes on Hierographics, frequency modulation,

cable TV, byte, cross-media ownership.

6. Narrate briefly the impact of modern technologies on the development of book industry.

7. The constitution of Nepal provides specific guarantees to the freedom of the press. Describe with emphasis on the history of development press freedom in Nepal.

8. Describe briefly the innovations in printing and its impact on the modernization of Nepalese newspaper industry.

9. Write briefly on the emergence of electronic newspapers in recent times.

10. What is Internet and what role it plays in the dissemination of information.

1. "The newspaper is at once a private enterprise struggling in a highly competitive economy and a quise-public institution serving the needs of all citizens."

Year: 2060


In the light of Ernest C. Hynds' remarks, explain in historical perspective, how the social service role is reconciled with the compulsions of profile making in a publication enterprise?

2. Describe the evolution of books as a medium of communication and its impacts on shaping modern societies.

3. Newspapers are waging a losing battle against the powerful electronic media. Critically examine the transition faced by world newspaper industry in an electronic era and narrate the changes they are undergoing in order to stay ahead in business.

4. Present a critical appraisal of the crisis faced by magazine publications in Nepal. Narrate their strength as well as



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weakness vis-a-vis growing influence of broadsheet daily newspapers.

Group "B" (Short Answer Question) 4×10=40

5. What is 'Sanad'? Explain how it is related with the newspaper history of Nepal.

6. Write a note on the early form of writings during the beginning of early civilizations.

7. Write short notes on the following: Chiranjibi Poudyal, Sudha Sagar, Partisan press, tabloids and morgue.

8. How do you define copyrights as distinct from intellectual property right?

9. Write a note on the emergence of FM radio stations in Nepal.

10. What do you know about 'digital communication'? Explain with examples.

1. Describe the impact of communication revolution on the development of book industry with particular references to Nepal.

Year: 2061


2. Give a critical appraisal of the role of mass media as 'gate-keepers' of the society of the role of technological advancements.

3. Write an essay on the condition of news magazines and periodicals in Nepal against the expansion of other media.

4. 'Facts are sacred, comments are free.' Explain this maxim in the light of deterioration of ethical standards of news media.

Group 'B' (Short Answer Question) 4×10=40

5. Narrate the provision of the constitution of Nepal that deal with right to information of citizens and Right to Privacy.

6. Describe briefly the transformation of printing form letter press to computer technology.

7. Write short notes on: Syndicates, two-step flow of communication, wire services, yellow journalism and censorship.

8. Narrate the role news media can play in the containment of conflicts in South Asia.

9. What do you understand by the term "public access to information"? How can media be made effective instruments for enhancing public access?

10. Describe some of the problems faced by newspaper industry in Nepal vis-à-vis stiff competition from electronic media.

1. Discuss the history and development of FM Radio in Nepal.

Year: 2062


2. Discuss the history of printing in Nepal and the development of the print media (including book publishing) radio and television.

3. Write an essay on press freedoms in Nepal with specific references to the constitutional and legal provisions and their implementation.

4. Describe the growth, development and development of the media in Nepal after the restoration of democracy in Nepal in April 1990.



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5. Discuss the history and growth of television in Nepal. 6. 'The development of FM Radio in Nepal is unique,

especially in terms of the various institution/ organizational arrangements'. Discuss.

7. Critically analyze the statement, "The Internet may be the most democratic of all communication media but it may be the most democratic of all communication media but it may be the most developing countries to benefit from its use." Why?

8. Discuss censorship in Nepal, with references to the existing legal provisions and practice.

9. Discuss briefly the four distinct phases of the development of the newspaper in India starting with the period beginning 1818 to 1947, when it became independent.

10. Write short notes on any TWO of the following: a. The history of book publishing b. The 'penny paper/press' and yellow journalists c. The weekly Gorkhapatra

1. Discuss the growth and development of the media in Nepal focusing on major legel indtitution changes that took place after the restoration of democracy in April 1990.

Year: 2063


2. Write an essay on press freedoms in Nepal between 1950 and 2005, with specific reference to political and legal changes that took place during the period.

3. Discuss briefly the development of the broadcasting media (radio and television) in the West and trace the introduction, development and growth of radio and television in Nepal.

4. Compare the history of the development of journalism (print media) in the seven South Asian states, with references to press freedom in those countries.


5. Discuss the brief history of the status of printing press in

Nepal. 6. Discuss the history and grow growth of television (including

privately owned TV) in Nepal. 7. Discuss the censorship in Nepal, with references to the

existing legal provision and practice. 8. Write a short note on press freedoms in Bhutan and in

Maldives. 9. Discuss the growth of magazines in Nepal after 1990. 10. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:

a. The development of the Internet in Nepal b. The history of films in Nepal c. The growth of "community" radio in Nepal.

1. Trace the development of mass media in Nepal with reference to major political development that have influenced its growth.

Year: 2064


2. Discuss the following statement, using examples from any South Asian country of your choice to support your



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argument."The degree of media freedom of in on the political system and the laws of the land."

3. Trace the development of radio in Nepali with specific references to the growth of frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting.

4. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Right say, "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression…" Using this as basis, assess the situation of press freedoms in South Asia, with specific references to a country of your choice.

Group 'B' (Short Answer Question) 4×10=40 5. Discuss how economic actions and policies of government

can influence media content. 6. Discuss the major legal provisions regulating FM

broadcasting in Nepal. 7. 'Magazines in Nepal are a post-1990 phenomenon.' Discuss. 8. 'Acta Diurna', 'The Corante' and 'Public Occurrences…..'

refers to the early history of the development of newspapers. Describe and discuss these early papers.

9. Write short notes on the 'The news Reel' and 'Nepal Broadcasting'

10. Write short notes on any TWO of the following: a. Censorship b. Impartiality and balance c. Press freedoms in Pakistan during the authoritarian

period(1958-85)


Year: 2065

1. Describe the most important phase in the history of newspaper journalism.

2. "Magazine presents sequential thought while newspaper covers fragmented news Explain with examples.

3. How do you explain evolution of broadcast industry? Describe with suitable example.

4. Describe the role of the books in bringing about communication revolution with reference to the effectiveness of the Gutenberg Press.


5. What are the various stages in the evolution of newspapers

in Nepal? 6. Describe the history odf newspaper in the USA and UK. 7. What are the needs for clear-cut policies on book publishing

in Nepal? 8. Describe the issues relating to the contents of magazines in

Nepal. 9. Compare the emergence of newspaper journalism in SAARC

and ASEAN countries. 10. Radio is the most effective means od mass communication

in today's Nepal.



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1. Describe the contemporary dimensions of mass media and journalism with special references to Nepal.

Year: 2066


2. Why is the book the oldest media in mass communication filed? Describe the recent trends of book industries in modern society.

3. Why is the magazine known as the vehicle for the deeper voice o contemporary society? Describe it with reference to Nepal.

4. Describe the evolution of newspaper industry in Nepal. What was the situation of newspaper before 1950 in Nepal? Explain with example.


5. Describe the decline of afternoon newspaper in western countries.

6. Define the practical problem of book publishing in Nepal. 7. Why is newspaper medium essential for mass society in

Japan and China? 8. What are the principles of effective writing for magazines?

Describe. 9. Describe the differences of broadcast media and print

media. 10. What are the positive and negative aspects of the recent

growth of community in Nepal?

Year: 2066 (New)


1. How did magazine evolve towards specialization? Furnish with examples.

2. Explain the significance of op-ed page. 3. Discuss how media theory, information technology and

media research became an integral tool assist in raising professional quality.

4. How do you evaluate the recent development of daily newspapers in Nepal?


5. What is the major in the development of TV broadcast media in Nepal?

6. How have various organizations forged close interrelationship with books so as to use them as a tool to propagate idea generation?

7. Elaborate the utility of Gutenberg revolution. 8. Evaluate the major development challenges of Nepal and

the role of the news media. 9. Discuss the newspaper industry in Nepal since the

revolution process of 1951 A.D. 10. What progress has Nepal recorded in terms of professional

journalism?



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1. Illustrate the challenges in maintaining the principles of accuracy, balance, credibility in the media policy in Nepal.

Year: 2067


2. How did the Gutenberg press contribute to the development of the world's first mass media? Give example.

3. The major stumbling block to the development of Nepalese journalism is that it suffers from a lack of professional ethos and faces partisanship media approaches. Do you agree?

4. Do you agree that entertainment magazine is superficial and gossip-oriented in content as compared to literary magazine, which is more robust, and it acts as an effective valuable tool to meet the aspiration of the society themes? Discuss.


5. Discuss the evolution of daily newspapers magazine in Nepal. 6. How should magazine editor perform herself/himself so as to

effective take the leadership mantle of a magazine editor? 7. What are the major democratic issues and challenges that

Nepalese journalism follows? 8. Discuss the trends of electronic media in Nepal. 9. Does a serious magazine exert greater influence than

sensational tabloid size daily papers? 10. Compare specialized magazine with general interest magazines.

JMC.534 (Research Methodology)

1. What is scientific social research? Explain the characteristics of a good research design.

Year: 2059


2. Discuss the history of the development of the mass media research in Nepal with reference to the development of urban-industrial society.

3. Describe with illustrations various types of communication research and their relevance for a country like Nepal.

4. Calculate the standard deviation about a media organizations variance in respect the age of reporters. Age of reporters:

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60 60-70

70-80

80-90

No. of the editors

3 6 13 15 4 6 3


5. Critically analyze the explanatory studies and its importance in social research.

6. What do you understand by experimental and survey research?

7. What is communication effects research? 8. Explain the characteristics of the media support system

research. 9. Write short notes on:

a. Questionnaires b. Didactical and methodological aids-meta plant



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c. Case study method d. Skewness

10. Explain the relevance of this histogram in the media research.

1. Research can help better understand large social trends. Analyze whether you agree or disagree with the statement. Explain the elements of a sound research design.

Year: 2060


2. Discuss the history of the development of the mass media research in Nepal with reference where relevant, to the development of urban-industrial society in the west.

3. Discuss at least three data collection techniques used in social research and describe the situations where you would employ these techniques.

4. Calculate quartile deviation from the following data and analyze the impact. Age of editors

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59 60-69

70-79

No. of the editors

306 182 144 96 42 34


5. Discuss sampling and its importance in the social reach. 6. Analyze the long-term influence of the exposure to mass

media exposure 7. Write Short notes on:

a. Research hypothesis

b. Content analysis c. Key information interviews d. Focus group discussion

8. What is survey? Discuss the characteristics of a good questionnaire.

9. What do you understand from the terms "Social Construction of meaning"?

10. What is the difference between regression and correlation?

1. Why is applied research more important? How is media research related to this system?

Year: 2061


2. Discuss the difference between theory and facts in research. 3. Define various types of sampling in research design. Why is

random sampling more practicable to media research? 4. Calculate and analyze the standard deviation from the

following age group of the reporters. No. of the editors

5 6 6 13 20 29 30

Age of editors

below 20

20-25

25-30

30-35

35-40

40-45

above 45


5. Define and discuss survey method. Give examples. 6. What is content analysis? 7. Explain the techniques of data collection in research process.



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8. What is observation method? Explain how using questionnaires in research and observation differ.

9. Why is a hypothesis important in research? 10. Discuss the characteristics of a good research interview.

1. What is a good research design? Explain with examples.

Year: 2062


2. What are the differences between content analysis and public opinion research?

3. Discuss the problems of media and journalism research in Nepal.

4. Reporters of different ages are working at a broadsheet daily. Rearrange, calculate and analyze the standard deviation from the following age group of the reporters:

No. of reporters:

0 9 6 13 20 29 3

Age of reporters:

below 15

15 to 20

50 to 60

40 to 50

30 to 40

20 to 30

60 to above


5. Discuss the use of survey method in mass media studies. 6. What is participatory research? Discuss in brief. 7. Explain the techniques of data collection. 8. What is the case study method? Discuss the characteristics

of good interviews.

9. Explain the importance of validity and reliability of research.

10. What are the differences between regression and correlation?

1. Discuss the origin and development of media research after 1990. Why is media research very much related to applied research? Describe.

Year: 2063


2. What is sampling? Describe various types of sampling on exploratory or descriptive research design.

3. What are the characteristics of good research design? Explain and analyze the problems of scientific method in the process of research.

4. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between Quartile and Standard deviation? Give examples with rearranging calculating and analyzing the data on your choice.


5. Discuss 'questionnaire is the techniques of data collection.' Why?

6. Critically analyze the research participatory approach and application.

7. Describe the case study methods in research. What are the characteristics of good interview?

8. Write a short note on the quantitative and the qualitative research methods on media.



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9. Discuss the kinds of communication research. Why and how is the computer system related to communication research?

10. Write short notes on any TWO of the following: a) Hypothesis b) Communication effect research c) Content analysis

1. What are the main characteristics of research design? Explain with examples.

Year: 2064


2. Discuss the differences between scientific research and social research?

3. Define sampling and explain its problems while doing media and journalism - related research.

4. Editorial pages of broadsheet daily newspapers attract readers of different age groups. Rearrange, calculate and analyze the quartile deviation from the following age group of readers.

No. of readers

21 30 19 29 41 29 40

Age of readers

below 20

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

60-70

70-above


5. Discuss the importance of using questionnaires in media studies. Explain with examples.

6. What is research hypothesis? 7. Explain the techniques of observation in media study. 8. What is experimental method in research? 9. Write a short note on quantitative and qualitative research. 10. Discuss at least three ways of illustrating research findings.

1. Discuss the similarities and dissimilarities between social research and communication research.

Year: 2065 Group "A" (Long Answer Questions) 3×20=60

2. Discuss theory and facts in research process. Why researchers are based on the spirit of facts and theory? Explain.

3. Trace the recent trends of communication research producer in Nepal. Why applied research is more comfortable to media study? Explain.

4. Calculate and analyze quartile deviation from the following age group of the reports from different newspapers.

No. of reporters

10 18 67 63 34 21 26 11

Age of reporters

below 18

18-23

23-28

28-33

33-38

38-43

43-48 48 & above


5. Why media research is based on survey methods? Explain with examples.

6. What functions of computer are defined as the processors of research data analysis? Give examples.

7. Discuss the techniques of data collection in applied research.



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8. 'Media content analysis is a post-2000 phenomenon.' Elucidate.

9. Describe and discuss the nature of variables in research process.

10. Why interview techniques are more practicable in random sampling study? Explain with reasons.

1. Describe the development of mass research in Nepal with reference to print media in general.

Year: 2066


2. What is sampling in media research? Describe various types of sampling in research design.

3. Describe the difference between experimental and survey research. Critically analyze why media research is related to research hypothesis? Give examples.

4. Rearrange, calculate and analyze standard deviation from the following are group of the television reporters.

No. of reporters

0 23 2 40 6 21 28 0

Age of reporters

76-86 16-26

66-76

26-36

46-56

36-46

56-66 Below 16


5. Discuss why the case study method is appropriate for the fact-finding of the problems?

6. Write short notes on the non-participant observation and participant observation methods of date collection.

7. What is validity and reliability of research? Explain.

8. Which computer functioning system is important to the media research? Discuss.

9. Discuss briefly the public opinion research. Why this kind of research is different from advertising research?

10. Write short notes on any two of the following: a. Research variables b. Experimental research c. Techniques of attitude scaling

1. What is media research? Describe the similarities and dissimilarities between media research and social science research.

Year: 2066


2. Describe the content analysis method on communication research. What are the characteristics of content analysis methods? Explain with examples.

3. Explain the modern trends of mass communication research procedure in Nepal. Why is it called 'Fertile field' in Nepal? Explain.

4. What are the merits and demerits of quartile deviations? Calculate and analyze quartile deviations yourself with media research angles.


5. What is meant by primary data in media research? Discuss the various methods of collecting primary data.



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6. Define tabulation. Discuss the general rules of tabulation on media study.

7. Explain the features of a good research proposal. Why is proposal needed to the research on media? Explain.

8. What are the processes of formulating the research hypothesis? Describe.

9. Describe the survey methods with examples. 10. What are the types and procedure of sampling methods?

1. Describe the research in different fields of social science. How is media research related to social sciences? Explain.

Year: 2067


2. What are the good characteristics of media research? Describe with examples.

3. Describe the recent trends of data collection on media research and explain a computer's function as a tool of research data analysis.

4. What is measure of dispersion? Calculate and analyze standard deviation from the following data:

Ages of reporters:

15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45

No. of person:

306 240 280 61 29 27


5. What is secondary date in electronic media research? 6. Describe the basic elements of a research proposal.

7. Discuss the classification of data. Why are variables important in research process?

8. What are the steps in survey methods? Explain. 9. Why is interview technique more practicable in cluster

sampling study? Explain with reasons. 10. Describe the participant uncontrolled observation. What are its

advantages?

JMC. 535 (Global Systems and International Journalism)

1. What are the principles of developing journalism, what differentiates it from western journalism?

Year: 2059


2. Discuss the advantages, challenges and dangers of the Internet. What is the relation between traditional media and the internet?

3. Is the necessary to deal with imbalance of international news flow? Discuss how journalists in South Asian countries can cope with it.

4. What are the priorities in selecting international news by

Group 'B' (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

5. Describe the variety of forms of global mass communication. 6. What kind of services DR agency provide to a country, which

signs a contract with it? 7. Are there any printed media, which can be called

"international"? Why have some national newspapers international impacts despite their sometimes-limited circulation? Give an example.



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8. Write about Sri Lanka. 9. Discuss any one of the three main news agencies in global

communication

1. Explain the origins of the ideas of New World Information Order (NWIO). What are the functions of communication according to McBride Commission Report?

Year: 2060


2. What are the limitations for journalists dealing with foreign news in developing countries? Discuss

3. What is bout some common feature of media systems in SAARC countries.

4. What is the tendency in approach to international news-by-news organization? Group 'B' (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

5. Describe how modern technologies are changing traditional media.

6. What invention opened developing countries on global channels? What was the impact of this invention?

7. Describe one international radio service. 8. What do you understand by the saying that international news

can have 'boomerang effect'? 9. Discuss state-owned broadcast media blaming programs in

foreign languages. 10. What are the characteristics of major international news

agencies?


Year: 2061

1. Explain what core-periphery theory describes. Elaborate what consequence I has on international flow of information.

2. What are the limitations of different media in developing countries? Which medium is the most effective and why?

3. Write about satellite TV in South Asia and discuss channels, popularity and its cultural impact.

4. Is there any scope of the control of flow of news about one's own country abroad? Explain how it might be done.


5. What are the predictions for the future of global

communication? 6. What causes deformation of picture of reality given by media in

international news? 7. Describe one global TV channel. 8. What dose 'globalization' in media mean? 9. Compare two media systems in any two South Asian countries. 10. Write about internatioonal TV news and their impact on

international news.give an example.

1. Do you agree that the Nepali press has been changing over years under the influence of changing tendencies in foreign printed media? Justify your opinion and describe the relation between Nepali and foreign press.

Year: 2062




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2. How the political environment has interacted with the situation of media in India. Include the issues of accessibility, press freedom, status of journalist.

3. Is it possible to report bare facts? is the journalist's objectivism possible or is it only a myth? Where the news ends and the manipulation starts?

4. How the use of satellites for commercial broadcast changed international communication? What is the role of TV channel and TV wholesalers? Why is it said that television is the center of international communication? Discuss these issues and show your acquaintance with at least one international or regional TV network or channel.


5. What are the provision and restriction of freedom of expression

in South Countries? 6. Give the features of international radio broadcast and describe

one radio station in details. 7. Foreign journalists in South Asia in relation with local laws and

authorities. What are the weak and strong points of their coverage?

8. What are the directions of news flow in contemporary world? 9. Describe the principles of international advertising. Give an

example of an international media campaign. 10. What is the News World Information and Communication

Order? What institutions and people were involved in establishing it? What were the effects of establishing NWICO?


Year: 2063

1. What is the role of foreign TV channels in creation and, later, the format of Nepali Television. Elaborate on relation and influences of foreign channels on shaping the content of all operating Nepali TV station.

2. How the political environment has interacted with the situation of media in Pakistan. Include the issues of accessibility, press freedom, status of journalist.

3. Discuss the issue of relation between economy and media. Is th economy a news power in media policy replacing political power?

4. Describe the general tendency within media organization in selection the news. Explain why media organization in selecting the news. Explain why media cannot picture reality 'as it is' and what the reasons behind deformations of reality by media are.


5. Describe how the Internet has changed other media in Nepali

and in the world. 6. Give the features of international print media and describe one

title or group of titles published by one organization in details. 7. What advantages and challenges Internet poses to journalist? 8. What is the international PR? Who practices it? What are the

common places and what are the differences between the international and domestic PR? What are the major tools of international PR?

9. What does gender sensitive journalism mean? 10. Compare the working condition and status of journalists in

South Asian countries.



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1. Explain the radio is considered to be a real mass medium in Nepal; what foreign radio stations are available in Nepal, what type of content do they broadcast? Does the availability of foreign broadcast influence the program of Nepal government and private radio stations?

Year: 2064


2. How the political environment has interacted with the situation of media in Sri Lanka. Include the issues of accessibility, press freedom, status of journalists.

3. Choose one current topic of your interest in Nepali and foreign media. Describe in details, how it was covered by media from different countries and different types of media (press, radio, TV, Internet). What were the differences and similarities in covering the issues?

4. Write about the features of international news agencies and international TV agencies. Describe in details one international news agency and TV agency.


5. What are the main proposals of the World Summit on the Information Society? Who are the main stakeholders in summit?

6. Give the feature of international TV channels and describe the group of channel broadcast under one trademark in details.

7. What does 'quality' journalism mean for you and in what sense it is different from 'traditional journalism'?

8. What differences, in content (tendencies), in private owned media and government-subsidized media can you trace? Give example.

9. How journalist in South Asia report local conflicts? Suggest possible improvements in coverage.

10. Are the Nepali media dominated by foreign publisher and broadcasters? Justify your answer.

1. The Third world is facing under -representation and miss-representation. Do you agree? Discuss in the realm of global journalism.

Year: 2065


2. Critically evaluate the impact of major technological innovation on international journalism.

3. The nexus of economics, military, political and cultural power in the world has always depended on efficient system of communication. Justify this statement with evidences.

4. Why do Nepali media use the same sources for international news? Evaluate the impact of this trend on content diversity.


5. SAARC region is a very dangerous zone for an international

journalist. Do you agree? 6. What do you understand by the team 'Contra flow'? How is it

being stronger since 1990? 7. What attempts had been made by the Non-Aligned countries to

overcome the situation of Western domination? 8. Describe the relevance of the theory of structural imperialism

developed by Johan Galtung in assessing global journalism in the recent times.



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9. How do advertise influence the content of international media? Explain the relationship between the notion of objectivity and international advertising.

10. Write short notes on any TWO: a) NWIICO b) Public Sphere c) Reuters

1. 'News is not reality, but the sample of sources, portrayal of reality, mediated by the news organization.' Do you agree? Discuss.

Year: 2066


2. Prepare a critical write up on the NWICO and the New Cold War.

3. How do you evaluate the flow of international news and information? Do you observe any significant changes in the post 1990 era?

4. How do international media portray South Asia? Suggest possible improvements in coverage.


1. Globalization of media has brought cultural imperialism. Do

you agree? 2. Why do only five news agencies deal with more than ninety

percent international news? 3. Describe the contribution of Dependency Theory to judge the

role of international media. 4. Technological innovations are the key driving forces in shaping

the scene of global journalism. Explain.

5. 'Nepali media do not report international events from the Third World perspective. Do you agree? Discuss.

6. Write short notes on any TWO: a) Hegemony b) Western domination in international advertising c) AP

1. How do global media portray the African World? Discuss in the realm of international journalism.

Year: 2066 (New)


2. Critically evaluate the impact of media ownership on content of international media.

3. Explain the process of content manipulation in global news media.

4. Why do Nepali media use the same sources for international news? Evaluate the impact of this trend on content diversity.

Group 'B' (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40 1. Describe the trends of the sparse and omission in international

reporting on the Third World issues. 2. SAARC region is a very dangerous zone for an international

journalist. Do you agree? 3. How are South Asian affected by global media reach? 4. What are the influential factors to determine the news in

lending global media? 5. Describe the relevance of the theory of hegemony developed by

Antonio Gramsci in assessing global journalism in the recent times.

6. Write short notes on any TWO :



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a) The MacBride Commission b) Heterogeneous Society c) AP

1. 'The world is facing under -representation and miss-representation.' Do you agree? Discuss in the realm of global journalism.

Year: 2067

Group 'A' (Short Answer Questions) 4×10=40

2. Critically evaluate the impact of major technological innovation on international journalism.

3. Prepare a critical write u on the challenges and opportunities of cultural communication.

4. How does advertising influence the content of international media? Explain the relationship between the notion of objectivity and international advertising.


1. SAARC region is facing the problem of regional communication hegemony. Do you agree?

2. How do the prime-news makers play agenda setting role in international media?

3. What attempts had been made by the Non-Aligned countries to overcome the problems of imbalanced flow of information?

4. Who does get to speak in world news? Briefly explain the politics behind the news.

5. Global news agencies promote 'imperialism' in Nepalese society. Do you agree?

6. Write short notes on any TWO: a) Information Society

b) Structural imperialism c) The new cold war



Education

Questions of journalism and mass communication tribhuvan university nepal