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This is a work in progress. Some items have been borrowed. Some are original. It is NOT complete by any means.
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Chapter 14 Section 3. The Protestant Reformation
During the Renaissance popes became patrons of the arts, financed by the sales of indulgences
The Protestant Reformation
Santa Croce (Holy Cross), Florence
Abuses of the Church
• Popes fought wars for power and land
• Lived rich lifestyles like kings instead of God's representatives
• Increased fees for religious services like marriage and baptism
In 1517, Martin Luther triggered a revolt when he became disillusioned with the corruption in the church
The Protestant Reformation
Luther’s Protest
• German Priest Johann Tetzel sold indulgences to anyone who contributed money to build the new St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome– Indulgences would assure
you entrance into heaven– Also allowed your dead
relatives into heaven
Luther drew up a list of 95 theses against indulgences and posted them on the door of the Wittenberg church
The Protestant Reformation
October 31, 1517 stands as the day that Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg
95 Theses•Getting to Heaven is based on Faith – not money•The bible was the only source of religious truth – not the Pope•Get rid of Pope•Priests did not have special powers•Anyone can talk to God •Translated the bible from Latin to German•Banned indulgences•Permitted clergy to marry
Martin Luther versus the Church
• 95 Theses were printed and distributed across Europe– Gutenberg's printing
press helped spread the word.
• Also printed Bibles in German
– Luther excommunicated
– Lutheranism spreads in Northern Germany and Scandanavia
Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to chose which religion they would follow
The Protestant Reformation
Another important figure in the Reformation was John Calvin
The Protestant Reformation
Not This Calvin
John Calvin
• Salvation through faith• Predestination• Bible as the source of
religious truth– Was the same as Luther
• Calvinism becomes big in Switzerland, parts of France, Netherlands and Scotland
Predestination
• The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
• How you live is a reflection of whether you have been chosen.
In France, Calvinists are called Huguenots
Huguenots and Catholics fight
The Protestant Reformation
Expulsion of the Huguenots from Toulouse
We will see - those pesky Calvinists end up causing trouble wherever they are.
Calvinism spreads to Scotland and then England
English / Scottish Calvinists are called “Puritans”
The Protestant Reformation
Some later flee England on a ship called the MayflowerPerhaps you heard of it?
The Trouble in England
• England's Struggles of Catholics vs Protestants will have HUGE consequences
• Why? Lets take a look.
The English Reformation
• Henry VIII stood against the Protestant revolt and was proclaimed the “Defender of the Faith” by the pope
– Henry wanted a boy to ensure a male heir would succeed him when he died, becoming king of England
Seeking Annulment
• His marriage to Catherine only produced a daughter, Mary– He asked the pope for an annulment but
couldn’t get one
• 1534 – Act of Supremacy passed by Parliament made Henry the head of the Church of England - Anglicanism– Henry appointed an archbishop that would let
him get an annulment
Its a Boy
• His second wife gave him another daughter, Elizabeth– After 4 more
marriages he had a son, Edward
The Many Wives of Henry VIII
• Catherine of Aragon – Divorced
• Anne Boyeln –Beheaded• Jane Seymour – Died• Anne of Cleves –
Divorced• Kathryn Howard –
Beheaded• Katherine Parr - Survived
The Church of England
• Henry died, Edward came to the throne but died in his teens– His sister, “Bloody”
Mary, tried to change the country back to Catholicism, killing many Protestants at the stake
Elizabeth I
• Was locked up in the tower of London
• Also known as the “Virgin Queen”
• The state of Virginia was named after her
A Policy of Religious Compromise
• Elizabeth became queen after her sister, Mary died– She created reforms
that could be accepted by both Protestants and Catholics – attacked those who opposed her
– English replaced Latin as the language of prayer in England
The Inquisition
• Used secret testimony, torture and execution to end heresy
• Created an Index of Forbidden Books – list of books that shouldn’t be read, like books by Luther and Calvin
Widespread Persecution
• Witch Hunts– Centers of religious
conflict saw the persecution of people accused of heresy and witchcraft
• Typically beggars, widows, midwives and herbalists
The Catholic Reformation – a revival of the Church’s authority
• Council of TrentRejected a number of Protestant Ideas– Established that salvation comes from faith and good
work– The bible was not the only source of religious truth– Priests were still needed
• Made Some Reforms in the Church– Started stiff penalties for corruption of the clergy– Got rid of sale of indulgences– Established the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola
• Missionaries and schools