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The principles of writing process
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL “FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA”
PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓNÁREA DE EDUCACIÓN
Written Composition Process
Oral Discourse Written Discourse
Writing is a fairly static form of transfer.
Speaking is a dynamic transfer of information.
Higher level of immediacy, lower level of retention in the spoken wordSpeaker has more ability to
engage the audience psychologically
It uses complex forms of non-verbal communication.
Paralinguistic resources as rhythmTone, intensity, speed
Word repetition
Writing is differed and higher level of retention
The writer doesn't have a face To face audience
The writer can’t use those forms
Absence of shared spatial andtemporal context
Paralinguistic resources the title,paragraph division, punctuation marks, indentation.
A tendency of non repeated words
Calsamiglia and Tusón (1999)MSc. Ada Espinoza
Research on Second Language Writing
Research on Second Language Writing
Contrastive rhetoric Authenticity
Teaching Writing Skills
Different patterns of written discourse
English writtendiscourse described in a straight line
Writing as a way of lifeProcessReal/ Display
considers takes into account emphasizes
Writing: Real and Meaningful
Process Vs. Product
Focus on processStudent’s composing processStrategies Time to writeProcess of revisionFeedback
MSc. Ada Espinoza
Research on Second Language Writing
Characteristics of Written Language
Research on Second Language Writing
Distance Production Time
Orthography
Vocabulary
Complexity
MSc. Ada Espinoza
Types of Classroom Writing Performance
can be
Intensive or controlled:ControlledGuided
Self-Writing:Note-takingDiaryDialogue Journal
Real Writing:AcademicVocational/technicalPersonal
can be
can be
Research on Second Language Writing
MSc. Ada Espinoza
Research on Second Language Writing
Principles for Designing Writing Techniques
Cultural Background Reading and
WritingTechniques Of The writingStagesoDraftingoComposingoEditing and Revising
Techniques: Interactive
Basis for Evaluation of Student Writing
OrganizationEffectivenessSequenceConclusionLength
DiscourseParagraphUnityTransitionsDM.CohesionFluency
Syntax
Vocabulary
MechanicsSpellingPunctuationCitationsNeatnessAppearance
Practices of Good WritersoMain IdeaoAudienceoGeneral OrganizationoFeedbackoSurface structureoReviseoPatience
ContentTopicRelated ideasExperienceDescription
Research on Second Language Writing
MSc. Ada Espinoza
WHERE DO ABORIGINES LIVE?
Aborigines are country’s earliest inhabitants. The best known Aborigines are those of Australia. Australian Aborigines have dark – brown skin and wavy hair. Their ancestors may have migrated from South-East Asia about 40,000 years ago. Aborigines lived in small wandering bands and made simple shelters at resting places. They used weapons and tools made from wood and stone to hunt and gather food. One of their weapons was the boomerang. This is a throwing weapon made from wood. One type is clearly designed to return to the thrower. Australian Aborigines had their own music, art and religions. At times, they would gather for a corroboree, a festival of music and dancing. There about 300,000 Aborigines in Australia when Europeans first arrived there two hundred years ago. Many Aborigines were persecuted by European settlers, and now only about 110,000 remain
MSc. Ada Espinoza
Example…
Research on Second Language Writing
A comparison of product and process approaches
• Product– Model text to be
imitated– Emphasis on
organization of ideas– One draft– Emphasis on end
product– Teacher as audience– Teacher as authority– Importance of
teacher-corrected papers
– Local definition
• Process– Model text as
resource for comparison
– Emphasis on ideas and idea development
– Multiple drafts– Emphasis on process– Various audiences
according to type of writing
– Peer feedback as valuable tool
– Importance of conferencing and interactive feedback
– Global definition
Research on Second Language Writing
MSc. Ada Espinoza
