Multimedia Information Organization and Visualization

Matt Beeman, Magdalen Kadel and Cedomir Kovacev

Standards & MetadataDCMI - Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)EXIF - Exchangeable Image File FormatXMP - eXtensible Metadata PlatformIPTC – Int’l Press Telecommunications Council PLUS - Picture Licensing Universal SystemDIM2 – Digital Image ManagementTEI – Text Encoding Initiative / EAD – Encoded Archival Description / METS – Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard / MARC – Machine Readable Cataloging / MPEG-7 – Motion Pictures Expert Group / NISO IMG (Z39.87)

A DAM workflow

Citation IndicesCitation indices are a way to compare:

• Authors and scholars

•Journals within the same field

•Articles within a field

Eigenfactor map example

Uses for knowledge visualizationThe h-index is graphed by most online citation indexes, to compare scholars within a field. Other projects have used the information in citation indexes to visualize relationships between fields, as above.

FeaturesCollections / Database / Enterprise capability /Asset versioning / Manage intellectual property rights / Administration of access rights / Metadata flexibility / Controlled vocabularies / Search technology / Automated publishing

Import

mpeg-7

TV shopping?

Education?Art?

ReferencesKrogh, Peter. (2005). The Dam Book: Digital Asset Management for Photographers

Digital Asset Management: A Closer Look at the Literature (A Research Monograph of the Printing Industry Center at RIT, March 2005)

THESAURI ~ THEIR STRUCTURE AND USE

Acknowledgments

Google Images.

Amanda Piekart, Michelle Strassberg and Carla Edwards

A Brief History of the Thesaurus

Derived from the Greek “Thesauros,” which means “treasury or storehouse.”

Many thesauri are now available on the Internet. They are important for creating a “controlled vocabulary” when conducting searches.

Why Thesauri are important Create a “controlled vocabulary” for searching

Help locate “preferred terms” used by the particular search engine or database

Aid in producing best results from searching

Address a specialized audience

Figure 2. Getty Thesaurus of Art and Architecture.

Figure 1. Finding the right words...

Figure 3. ERIC Thesaurus.

Figure 4. Thesaurus of Astronomical Terms.

How Thesauri are used Most are available in print and online versions

Inputting keywords will lead searcher to preferred terms

Special Features

Can search in a variety of ways

Figure 5. The Visual Thesaurus.

Future of Thesauri More online thesauri

Thesauri will be embedded in search engines

More user-friendly

ReferencesVisual Thesaurus

http://www.visualthesaurus.com

Thesaurus of Art and Architecture

http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/index.html

Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors

http://www.eric.ed.gov/

Thesaurus of Astronomical Terms

http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/library/thesaurus

Types of ThesauriFor this presentation we will focusing on:

Thesaurus of Art and Architecture

Visual Thesaurus

Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors

Thesaurus of Astronomical Terms

Ontologies and Digital LibrariesNicholas C. Jackson & Erin Elliot

What is an Ontology“What exists is that which can be represented! ontology is the

study of what is real, what is reality, and or what existence” (Gruber,1). “An ontology is an explicit description of a domain; concepts, properties and attributes of concepts, constraints on properties and attributes, individuals” (Noy, 2).

Ontology Engineering“Defining terms in the domain and relation among them.

Defining concepts in the domain (classes), arranging the concepts in a hierarchy (subclasses-superclasses hierarchy), defining which attributes and properties classes can have and constraints on their values, defining individuals and filling in values.” (Noy, 3).

PRATT

Uses in digital libraries“The ontology enables concept-based searching that can

improve precision of results far beyond common keyword matching” “The ontologies has the potential to offer navigation support that would facilitate the seeking process…” It “provide a conceptual structure that” organization and arrangement information (2006, Patuelli, 4).

Ontology vs. Vocabulary, Taxonomy, and Thesauri “A controlled vocabulary is a list of terms. A taxonomy is a

collection of controlled vocabulary terms organized into a hierarchical structure. A thesaurus is a networked collection of controlled vocabulary terms. A formal ontology is a controlled vocabulary expressed in an ontology representation language” (Jernst, 1).

PRATT

Jernst. (2003). What are the difference between a vocabulary, a taxonomy, a thesaurus, an ontology, and a meta-model? McGuinness, D. L. (2003). Ontologies Come of Age. Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World wide Web to Its Full Potential. MIT Press.Marcum, . 2002. Noy, N. F. McGuinness, D. L. (2000) Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology. Stanford University. James W. (2002) Beyond Visual Culture: The Challenge of Visual Ecology. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 189-206. Noy, N. F., Ontology Engineering for the semantic web and beyond.Pattuelli, M.C. (2006). Context for content: Shaping learning objects and modeling a domain ontology from the teachers' perspective. In Blandford A. & Gow, J. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop on Digital Libraries in the Context of Users' Broader Activities (DL-CUBA), pp. 23-27. JCDL 2006, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/LOOM-HOME.html

“The rise of the digital library is an important step in the development of the library as a cultural resource” (Marcum, 2002, 201).

Digital Library?“the use of computers to store library materials appearing in electronic (digital) format.” Digital records of collections “encoded in order to be stored, retrieved, and read by computer to collect, organize, preserve, and access information and knowledge records in digital form.” UMDL Ontology- http://www-personal.umich.edu/~peterw/Ontology/Beethoven/demo.html

UMDL Ontology- http://www-personal.umich.edu/~peterw/Ontology/Beethoven/demo.html

McGuinness, D. L. (2003). Ontologies Come of Age. Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World wide Web to Its Full Potential. MIT Press.

dog

mammal

animal

rabid dog

sick animal

disease

rabies

rabid animal

has

has

has

Tags: terms used to identify resources for retrieval; created and defined by users who are both the providers of content and the end-usersFolksonomies: composed of user-generated metadata, created by tagging pieces of digital information with their own searchable keywords•broad: third-party users assign tags to the same content, creating metadata for their bookmarks; sites aggregate this metadata, make it searchable•narrow: users tag their own content so that they can easily retrieve it and help others find it; useful for assigning metadata to unique content

Museum/Archival ApplicationsValue•Tagging: dialog between viewer and work as well as viewer and museum

•Encourages personal interpretations of work•Fosters/maintains museum relationships•Serves altruistic purpose of museums

steve.museum (www.steve.museum)•Collaborative research project (launched in 2005) that explores the potential for tagging within the context of museums. Goals:

•Motivate users to tag, guide them through the process, and reward them when done (create prolonged and repeat use by giving users control)•Integrate contributed data into local documentation systems to improve access to collections•Encourage engagement with cultural content

Traditional Library ApplicationsVenues•Social Networking Sites

•GoodReads•Information Management Sites

•LibraryThing•PennTags

Directions •Towards a shelfless library

•Items in multiple “locations”•Towards a personal experience

•Evocation of personal feelings•Movement away from Library-centeredness

•PennTagsEmergence of Folksonomies•Traditional subjects reaffirmed•Traditional facets reaffirmed•New descriptors emerge

•Personal descriptions•New representations of the traditional emerge

•Innovative combinations

Tagging & Folksonomies

Social Applications

Pros:•supplements traditional cataloging by increasing access points, findability

•encourages discovery/rediscovery and sharing of information

Cons:•no controlled vocabulary, synonym/homonym control; lack of hierarchy•tags may be imprecise, ambiguous, inconsistent, or overly personal

Goals: introduce controlled vocabulary to tagging systems; tools should be simple, efficient and not require large investments of capital; they should make it easier to locate new and older materials and allow reuse/remix of content and data to produce new collections and online tools

Value•User-generated vocabulary based on personal understanding of object•“Placing Hooks”•Serendipitous browsing capabilities •Inexpensive way to create order and communityExamples •www.Flickr.com

•Photo sharing and management site•Narrow

•www.Del.icio.us•Social bookmarks manager•Broad

Limitations•No synonym control•No hierarchal structure •Do not consider the future

Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO)

Introduction to CCOHistorical Overview Recommended Elements

Managing Content & the Future of CCO

Cultural Heritage• Created by members

of a culture• Found in texts,

objects, images, etc. • Universal access

benefits the community

Need for CCO• Attempted to use

MARC & AACR, which fell short

• Community created a shared element set

(VRA Core) in 1990’s• Recognized need for data content and data

format standards• Museums needed a

more compact element set for exchanging data

Working Together• Forums organized by

the National Initiative for a Networked Cultural

Heritage • VISION & REACH

project• VRA & CCO project

Purpose• Provide guidelines for

cataloging cultural objects

• Promotes good descriptive cataloging, shared documentation, and superior end-user

access• Assists in the

development of in-house cataloging rules

or manuals.• Serves as a guide to

building consistent cultural heritage

documentation in a shared environment.

Audience/Users• Museum catalogers, curators, archivists,

librarians• System designers

Scope• Descriptive metadata &

authority control data• Points out term choices, defines order, syntax &

form

Work Record• Object Naming,

Creator info, Physical characteristics, Stylistic,

Cultural & Chronological, Location & Geography, Subject, Class , and Description

Image Record• View Info

Authorities• Personal & Corporate

Name • Geographic Place

• Concept• Subject

• The Getty Vocabularies

Metadata & Standards• CDWA

• CDWA Lite• VRA Core 4.0

• VRA Core 4.0 XML

Crosswalks & Mapping• CCO maps to CDWA

& VRA 4.0 core elements

• CCO works with the standard element sets of CDWA & VRA Core

4.0

Content Management Systems (CMS)• Manage visual

information • digital Visual

Information Management (dVIM) provides discovery,

distribution & display of digital images

Examples of dVIM

• Mdid - Madison Digital Image Database

• Insight - Luna Imaging• CONTENTdm - DiMeMa/OCLC

• Innovative interfaces • Digitool - Ex Libris

Digital Asset Mgmt

• Telescope• Artesia

• Mediabin• Canto

• Piction

Moving Forward • Educational outreach

• Future webpage allocated to training,

tools, & presentations

Jamee Ard, Adrid Santos, Fumi Kelleher & Erica McDonald

Personal Information ManagementMatt Flaherty, Jessica Brooks, Maggie Balistreri

Since the Beginning• An issue ever since information has been available

• It is the practice and study of acquiring, organizing, maintaining, and retrieving of personal information items

Personal Information Management Tools (reflects individual needs,

preferences, and styles)

E-mail: file organization, filters, chatting

Calendar: reminders, calendar sharing

Computer desktop: file finder tools, widgets

Internet: search engines, RSS feeds

Websites, Wikis, & Blogs: circulating information versus absorbing information

Figure 2. Structure of Information System (Barreau, 1995).

Figure 1. Ten Commandments.

Key Image 1

Key Image 2

Figure 3. Before utilizing computer PIM tools.

Figure 4. After utilizing computer PIM tools.

Meta PIM: The PIM of a PIM Project

Three individuals collaborate on a Personal Information Management project. Each uses, and all coordinate using, the following tools:

E-mail, calendar, phone/text messaging, personal computer/desktop, Internet search tools, and a Wiki.

Figure 5. PIM Wiki for PIM Group Project.

Implications of PIM

Save what? More digital space means we can save everything.

Save where? Data saved across multiple tools benefits from an integration method.

Retrieve how? Saving more and more personal information results in increased reliance on robust search tools, tagging, and metadata.

ReferencesBarreau, D.K. (1995). Context as factor in personal information

management systems. JASIS, 46(5), 327-39.

Jones, William and J. Teevan, editors. Personal Information Management. University of Washington Press: 2007.

An Information System• PIM Systems have the same key components as other information systems such as catalogs and indexes

• However, PIM differs because it is designed to meet the needs specific to an individual and not the general needs of multiple users

InputUser

InputInformation

Information SystemAcquisitionsOrganizationMaintaining

Retrieval

OutputAnswersReports

Summaries