JED A. CAMPOSANO

Discussant

POLICY ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION

Policy Implementation

Defi

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Th

om

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Implementation

involves all of the activities designed to carry out the policies enacted by the legislative branch.

These activities include the creation of new organizations, departments, agencies bureaus, or the assignments of new responsibilities to the existing organizations.”

Elements of GoodImplementation

Organization

Interpretation

Application

Establish and staff a new agency or

assign authority to an existing agency

and personnel.

Translate legislative intent into operating

rules and guidelines.

Coordinate resources and personnel to achieve the

intended goals.

deploy

disengage

develop

demonstrate

PHASES OF IMPLEMENTATION

Discover

Design

Approaches to policy implementation

1. Top to Bottom1. Top to Bottom

1. Top to Bottom2. Bottom-up Approach

1. Top to Bottom3. Managerial Approach

1. Top to Bottom4. Principal Agent

Approaches to policy implementation

1. Top to Bottom1. Top to Bottom

1. Top to Bottom2. Bottom-up Approach

1. Top to Bottom3. Managerial Approach

1. Top to Bottom4. Principal Agent

Approaches to policy implementation

Approaches to policy implementation

1. Top- down model

Three major theoretical modelOf policy implementation

1. Top- down model

Policies are set at higher levels in a political process and are then communicated to subordinate levels which are then charged with the technical, managerial, and administrative tasks of putting policy into practice.

Clear and logically consistent objectivesAdequate causal theoryAn implementation process structured to enhance compliance by implementersCommitted, skillful implementing officialsSupport from interest groups and legislatureAdequate time and sufficient resources availableGood coordination and communication

Only adopts perspective of those in higher levels of government and neglects the role of other actor

Difficult to apply where no single, dominant policy or agency is involved

Policies change as they are being implemented

Characteristics

Requirements

Disadvantages

Approaches to policy implementation

1. Top- down model 2. Bottom-up Model

Approaches to policy implementation

2. Bottom-up Model

It underlines the importance of initiatives coming from the bottom leading to effective implementation

It promotes delegated legislation where local legislatives and executives are given the chance to formulate and implement policies

Evaluating the effects of a policy becomes difficult

Difficult to separate the influence of individuals and different levels of government on policy decisions and consequences.

Characteristics

Disadvantages

Nature

Approaches to policy implementation

3. Managerial Approach

• This approach is market driven

• Decentralized in its process

• Emphasize shift from hierarchy to participation and teamwork $

Approaches to policy implementation

4. Managerial Approach

Emphasizes on the

application of managerial approaches like:

i) operational managementii) corporate managementiii) personnel management

PolicyImplementation

Environment

Economy

Politics

Tri-Media

FACTORS AFFECTING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

The policy contains unambiguous directives and structures of the implementation process

Leaders of implementation agencies possess substantial managerial and political skill and professional knowledge

The policy is actively supported by organised constituency groups, legislature and judiciary

The relative priority of statutory objectives is not significantly undermined over time by the emergence of conflicting public polices or by change in relevant socio – economic conditions that undermine the statutes' technical theory or political support

Con

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Su

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Lack of staff

Lack of Financial and Infrastructural support

Gigantic targets

Problems in Policy Implementation

Lack of support from the top

Lack of Financial and Infrastructural support

Shortage of time

Pressures on implementers

Lack of will, motivation, initiative and accountability

Corruption and vested interest

Problems in Policy Implementation

Lack of team spirit

Lack of Financial and Infrastructural support

Shortage of time

Implementationas

Evolution

Implementation

as Work

Mechanism

Implementation

As politics

Pers

pecti

ve o

fIm

ple

men

tati

on

Focusing Events

Indicators

Feedback

Scientific Evidence

Other Jurisdictions

Borrowing Policy

Policy Evolution Factor

Agenda Setting

Incrementalism

Policy Evolution Mechanism

Policy Main Outcome

Expansion

Adjustment

Replacement

Implementationas

Evolution

Implementation

as Work

Mechanism

Implementation

As politics

PER

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Thank you!