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Plant Structure
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
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Plant Form
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
Wayne Huang, PhDAndrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
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Learning Objectives
Types of plant cell
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Types of plant cell structure and function.
Types of plant tissues.
Plant anatomy, structure and function.
Reproductive organs of
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flowers.
Plant Form Concept Map
Plant
Stem Root
Vascular BundleDermal Tissue
Leave
Ground Tissue
Xylem
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Epidermal cell
Guard cell
Parenchyma cells Parenchyma cells
Trichomes Collenchyma cells Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells
Phloem Xylem
Tracheids
Vessel ElementsVessel Elements Sieve cells
Sieve tube membersSieve-tube members
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Plant Cells and Tissues
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Plant Cell StructureStandard plant cell structure.
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Cell WallThe cell wall provides
protection and with the vacuole is used for
skeletal support.
Primary cell wall is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose,
pectin. They are all polysaccharides.
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Secondary cell wall of sclerenchyma, collenchyma and
xylem. These are secondary deposits of lignified cellulose.
Pits, are holes on the cell wall to allow cell to cell
communication.
Plant TissuesThere are three types of plant tissues: vascular, ground and
dermal.
Vascular tissue is conducting tissue and responsible for
transporting water, food and solutes. There are two groups:
xylem and phloem
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissues include the outer
layer tissue and is used for protection and interaction with
the environment.
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Ground Tissue surrounds the
vascular tissue and is important for
storage and photosynthesis
kinds.
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Tissues and Cells
Each type of plant tissue has distinct cells. Much like a human liver would have specific cells
Dermal TissueEpidermal cells Guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs
Ground TissueParenchyma cells Collenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells.
p“hepatocytes”.
Phloem is the principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants.Sieve cells Sieve-tube members
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Sclerenchyma cells.
Vascular TissueXylem is the main water-conducting tissue. vessel elements tracheids
Cells in Ground TissueThe structure of the cell and composition of the cell wall determines its
function.
Parenchyma cells are the most abundant and have a thin primary wall. They are used in food storage, photosynthesis and aerobic p yrespiration.
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Collenchyma cells have thick primary wall and provide
support for young tissue.
Sclerenchyma cells have rigid secondary walls and are dead when
mature. They are used for plant support.
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Cells in Vascular Tissue1. Xylem is the main water conducting tissue. It
contains vessel elements and tracheids. Both cell types have rigid lignin-containing secondary cell walls.
2 The xylem forms long tubes for moving water2. The xylem forms long tubes for moving water. Both types, vessel elements and tracheids are dead when mature.
1 Phl i th i i l f d
This is a cross section of celery. It shows the vascular bundles including both phloem and xylem
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1. Phloem is the principal food conducting tissue n vascular
plants. It contains sieve cells and sieve-tube members.
2. Sieve tube members have thin primary wall and no secondary wall. These cells form tubes to
conduct food.
Cells in Dermal TissueEpidermal cells are a single
layer of cells that cover plants. It secrets a layer of cuticular
wax for protection.
Guard cells are specialized cells on the undersurface of
leaves. A hole exists between a pair of guard cells which is regulated in order to control
gas exchange and water loss.
Root hairs of many
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Root hairs of many vascular plants are tubular outgrowths of trichoblasts, which are the hair forming cells on the epidermis of the plant root. They are used for protection and
absorbing nutrients.
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Question
How do plant tissues make up a plant
body?
A plant body is made up of three major parts: leaf, stem and root. Each of these parts contain the three major
tissues:epidermal, ground and vascular tissue.
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Organization of Plant Body
Root and Stem
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Meristem, Leaf, and Flower
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Plant Body
Stem Leaf
ShootRoots are used to anchor the plant and for absorption of
nutrients from the soil.Shoots are the major site of
photosynthesis hold flowers, fruits and seeds.
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Root
Plant Body is Made Up of TissuesGround Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Ground Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissue
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Ground Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Vascular Tissue
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Root Structure
1. Epidermis is the surface cells.2. Cortex tissue made up of parenchyma
ll
Endodermis
cells.3. Endodermis is the most inner layer of
cortex.4. Vascular bundle: inner circle of cells.
Cortex
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EpidermisVascular bundle
Root Cross section
RootRoot Structure: Longitudinal View
Root Cap – protects delicate tissues as the roots
Zone of Maturation
elongate, and helps perceive gravity
The Zone of Cell Division– Cells multiply
The Zone of Cell Elongation – Cells become Zone of Division
Zone of Elongation
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Elongation – Cells become several times longer than wide
The Zone of Maturation –cells differentiate into specific cell types Root Cap
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5 Major Root TypesProp roots come
out from the lower part of
stems.
Aerial roots anchor climbing stems to vertical surfaces.
Storage roots are used for food storage e.g.
horseradish.
Tap roots: main root i d d th
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growing downward; the primary root grows
much larger than the secondary roots.
Fibrous roots: branching and rebranching.
Root Function
Root functions to take water and
minerals up from the dground.
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Roots are also important for anchoring
the plant.
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StemStemThe functions of stems
include: support for leaves and increasing in diameter (girth) as well as elongation
Terminal bud
Internode
A stem is the part of a plant from which shoots and buds
arise.
well as elongation, transport of fluids
between the roots and leaves.
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Lateral bud
Node(Where bud or leaves attach)This is the structure
of a stem.
Modified Stems
■ Tubers – Potato■ Storage of Food
Modified Stems have various Functions.
Tubersg
■ Stolons – strawberry■ Generating new plants
■ Bulbs – Tulips, Onions■ Storage of Food
■ Corms – TarosSt f F d
Tubers
Corms
Bulbs
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■ Storage of Food
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Stem: Cross SectionThis is the structure of a cross section of the
stem of a plant.
Epidermis
Collenchyma
ParenchymaCortex
Vascular Bundle
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Stem: Xylem and PhloemXylem
■ Mostly composed of dead cells■ Xylem transports water and
Phloem
■ Composed of living cells■ Transports synthesized
dissolved ions from the root system to the stem. ■ The lignified thick-walled xylem cells strengthen the stem.
Xylem Phloem
organic food such as carbohydrates from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
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monocots Dicots Xylem
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Meristem
Apical MeristemMeristem is a kind of embryonic tissue in plants made up of unspecialized
meristematic cells located at
Lateral Meristem
roots and shoots.
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Lateral meristems (axillary meristems) is growth that thickens
stems and roots.
Apical meristems (terminal meristems): Root and Shoot apical meristems at the tips of stems and roots where
growth causes an increase in length of stems and roots.
Apical Meristem
Meristem
Lateral Meristem
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Bud
Bud
A bud is an undeveloped shoot and normally
occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of the stem.
Leaf
Flower
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Once the bud is formed, it may
remain for some time in a dormant
state or form a shoot immediately.
A bud can develop into a
flower or a leaf.
Leaf Function
Photosynthesis
Carbohydrates(Food)
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Leaves are the major sites for photosynthesis which provide food for almost all life forms.
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Leaf Structure
Petiole(A leave stalk, attaches leaf to plant)
Lamina(leaf blade)
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Midrib
Leaf apex (the outer end of a leaf)
Vein (vasular bundles, for transport)
Leaf CellsCross Section
Cuticle Wax LayerUpper Epidermis
Vascular Bundle
Mesophyll Cells
Lower Epidermis
Cuticle Wax LayerSecreted by upper epidermal cells, for
protection
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Vascular BundleTransportation
Mesophyll CellPhotosynthesis
Epidermal CellsProtection, interaction with environment
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Specialized Leaf CellsTrichome
Guard Cells:located on lower epidermis
Bundle Sheath Cells
Guard CellGuard Cellstomata
■ Trichome
Trichomes are specialized
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controlling gas exchange and water loss.
occur in pairs and are shaped so that stomata (a pore) exists between them. They can change shape with the result in pore disappearing.
epidermal cells present in most plants.
■ Bundle sheath cells
Specialized cells in certain plants for photosynthesis
Flower’s Reproductive Organs
Stamen= anther + filament
Flowers have these specialized
reproductive organs.
Anther
Filament
Carpel
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Petal
Sepal
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Monocots and Dicots
The two classes of angiosperm plants
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Monocots and Dicots
KingdomPlantaePlant:
monocot and dicot
taxonomy.
ClassAngiospermae(Angiosperms) (Gymnosperms)
Gymnospermae(Gymnosperms)
Plants with flowers Plants without flowers
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Subclass
Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots) (Monocotyledons, Monocots)
Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots)
Plants with two seed leaves Plants with one seed leaf
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Structure Difference
Cotyledons: seed leaves
Veins in Leaves Flowers Vascular Bundle
Monocots
Dicots
One Parallel In multiple of 3 Scattered
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Two Net-like 4 or 5 pedals Arranged in a ring
Question
Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, flower number in 3 and scattered vascular bundles.
Dicots have two cotyledons, net-like What are the
major yleaf veins, flowers in 4 or 5 and
vascular bundles arranged in a ring.differences
between monocots and
dicots?
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Question: Review
Three types of plant tissues. ___________Vascular, ground,
dermal
is the main water ___________
___________
Xylem
Gas and water
_____ is the main water conducting tissue.
M i t i l t d h ?
Guard cells regulate and control _____ and _____.
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___________Roots and shootsMeristem is located where?
A ____ is an undeveloped shoot occurring in the axil of a leaf or tip of the stem.
___________Bud
Plant TissuesDermal TissuePlant TissuesDermal Tissue
Learning Summary
Plant Cell Types and their
Plant Cell Types and theirGround Tissue
Vascular TissueGround TissueVascular Tissue
and their Functionand their Function
Plant BodyFlower
Plant BodyFlower
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Monocots and Dicots
Monocots and Dicots
FlowerLeafStemRoot
FlowerLeafStemRoot
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Congratulations
You have successfully completed the core tutorial
Plant Forms
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