Phyics M4 Types of cells

TYPES OF CELLSPhysics Module 4 Unit 4

Lesson 10

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells

Which cell to choose

CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

INTRODUCTION

Some cells are stores of chemical energy . The chemical energy is converted to electrical energy when placed in a circuit.

Some cells generate electrical energy only.

2

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this presentation, students should be able to:

1)Recall what is a primary cell;

2)Identify types of primary cells and their applications;

3)Recall what is a secondary cell;

4)Identify types of secondary cells and their applications.

3

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

PRIMARY CELLS

A primary cell is a cell that once it has been fully discharged, cannot be recharged. Primary cells are called dry cells because they have a solid or molten electrolyte.

Primary cells are:

1.Zinc – carbon cell

2.Alkaline

3.Button cells

4.Manganese dioxide

5.Mercury oxide

6.Silver oxide

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

PRIMARY PRIMARY CELLSCELLS

Zinc – carbon cells have a solid electrolyte ammonium chloride. They are fully discharged once all the manganese dioxide is used up

5

Separator

Pitch seal

Air space

Carbon and manganese dioxide mixture

Carbon rod

Protective casing

Separator

Zinc

Electrolyte paste (ammonium

chloride and zinc chloride)

XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


The terminal voltage of zinc – carbon cells is 1.5V and are available in various sizes.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


Alkaline cells is a variant of the Leclanché cell, zinc powder serving as the anode and manganese dioxide as the cathode and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. A 1.5 V cell has double the energy density of a 1.5 V zinc –carbon cell.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


Alkaline cell

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


Button cells are disc shaped and used in small devices such as watches, digital thermometers and calculators. There are several types of button cells such as alkaline, mercury oxide, silver oxide and lithium.

9

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

PRIMARY CELLS – BUTTON CELLS

Mercury oxide Silver oxide

10

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

PRIMARY CELLS

Alkaline Lithium

11

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

SECONDARY CELLS

A secondary cell is a cell that can be recharged once it has been fully discharged. There are several types of secondary cells such as :

1)Lead acid accumulator

2)Nickel – cadmium accumulator

3)Rechargeable alkaline

4)Nickel – metal hydride

5)Lithium ion

6)Lithium polymer

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLSCELLS

Dilute sulphuric acid acts as an electrolyte in the Lead acid accumulator. It consists of several lead acid cells connected together in series. The terminal voltage of each cell is 2.0 V. Heavy and are used in cars and large vehicles.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

SECONDARY CELLS

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CELLS – NICKEL

CADMIUM CADMIUM

Nickel cadmium accumulator (Nicad) has nickel hydroxide as the electrolyte. It is available in various shapes and sizes. Each cell has a terminal voltage of 1.2 V, drops very slowly during discharge. Used in cordless power tools and portable aircaraft radios.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CADMIUM

Cylindrical Flat plate electrodes

16

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CADMIUMUSES Portable aircraft radio Cordless pressure

washer

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL CELLS – NICKEL

METAL HYDRIDEMETAL HYDRIDE

Nickel-metal hydride – has higher energy density than nickel cadmium has no toxic materials. However it has higher rate of self discharge than nickel cadmium. It is available in various sizes and is used in mobile phones and laptops.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

SECONDARY CELLS

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


BMW hybrid car uses a high performance 312 V NiMH battery.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


Alkaline wet battery is rechargeable.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


Rechargeable alkaline cells are environmentally friendly.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM CELLS – LITHIUM

IONION

Lithium ion cells are used where high energy density and light-weight is high priority. The terminal voltage of the lithium ion cell is 3.6 V. The BMW V8 hybrid car uses a 120 V lithium ion battery.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

SECONDARY SECONDARY CELLS- LITHIUM CELLS- LITHIUM

IONION

Lithium ion cells are connected in series in a battery. They have energy density of 100 – 160 Wh /kg are light weight. It is widely used on Boeing 787 planes. In January the planes were grounded because of several electrical fires connected to lithium ion batteries.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM ION

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


POLYMERPOLYMER

Lithium polymer cells are called pouch cells because they are constructed of thin sheets in an aluminium casing. They are popular choice for use in laptops. Macbook Pro battery can be used for 7 hours before need for recharging.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


POLYMERPOLYMER

Lithium polymer cells are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The terminal voltage of a lithium polymer cell is 3.6 V.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM POLYMER

Laptop battery for Macbook Macbook Pro

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


POLYMER POLYMER

The power pack above uses a lithium polymer battery to recharge a I -phone on the go!

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


POLYMERPOLYMER

Three lithium polymer cells are used to power luxury toys such as gas – RC above.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

GENERATOR CELLS

These cells generate electrical but do not store electrical energy. They are as follows:

1)Solar cells

2)Fuel cells

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS – SOLAR

Solar cells convert light energy directly into electrical energy. Solar cells are used to make panels of different sizes.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR CELLS

Spherical solar cell Flat solar cell

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS34

XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS

Solar panels can generate electricity to power all appliances. An inverter is incorporated into the circuit to convert direct current to alternating current for those appliances that require alternating current.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS

Mobile solar chargers are becoming popular where electrical energy generated is stored in nickel –cadmium batteries. These charges can recharge digital cameras, Iphone, iIod and game consoles.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS37

XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS – FUEL

CELLSCELLS

Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy by a chemical reaction with oxygen. Unlike other cells, they need a constant supply of fuel and oxygen to produce electrical energy. The most popular fuel is hydrogen.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS39

XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS

Hydrogen fuel power plant can supply a great quantity of electricity to power all the appliances in a house. Fuel cells are also incorporated in cars and large vehicles as a feasible alternative to fossil fuels, where the waste products are environmentally friendly.

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS

Solar energy can be used produce hydrogen from water by electrolysis. The oxygen produced can be used for the chemical reaction in the fuel cell to produce electricity. A self sustaining generating unit of electricity!

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION


CELLSCELLS

Gas stations in Italy will soon have solar hydrogen fuel pumps as a new initiative to reduce their carbon footprint. Hydrogen does not require long recharges like batteries of electric cars.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

GENERATOR CELLS

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS

44

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL CELLS

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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

GENERATOR GENERATOR CELLS –FUEL CELLS –FUEL

CELLSCELLS

A hydrogen fuel cell powered water bus from Amsterdam. This innovative mode of transport can help reduce air pollution in the city.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?

The choice of which cell to use is dependent on the following:

1)The unit cost

2)Energy demand

3)Area concentration

The more modern technologies such as lithium ion and lithium polymer are currently very expensive but have higher energy densities than the older technologies such as zinc-carbon and lead acid.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX


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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX


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XX

CREDITS

OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


INTRODUCTION

WHICH CELL WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?TO CHOOSE?

A small pouch cell such as the one in the picture above has a higher energy density than a larger alkaline battery.

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Fuel cell bus

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg/220px-Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg

Zinc-carbon cell

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2003/madse3m/public_html/battery_insides.gif

Zinc-carbon cells

http://www.rapidonline.com/catalogueimages/module/M073323P01WL.jpg

Alkaline cells

http://www.batteryfaq.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Alkaline-Battery.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Button cell diagram

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-s0Sw8B5n6Uu3XxQOxjLC6Gj-L7r-2w2XSZ5rsaPyZoWttbLV

Lithium cells

http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmDW3xIeVk0DTf_TXJPvnSwz4tVw7PYowOw4ezwdlLAKXnxS6mQQ

Lithium ion battery

http://www.electricmarinepropulsion.org/Pix/Batteries/8packNBG400.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Lead acid accumulator diagram

http://www.knowyourplanet.com/off-grid/batteries/12VBatterydischarge_scaled_logo.png/image_large

Lead acid battery

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTtU9YX6T7DGQYbSI-_m6W97Re7j0EKaRFdZ9AT_-BSuSFkLg34

Nickel metal hydride cells

http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/449194/4345939/0/1190451522/High-temperature_nickel-cadmium_batteries_55_degrees.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Rechargeable alkaline cells

http://www.growandmake.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/302x/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/i/g/igo-green.jpg

AA battery comparison table

http://www.diskdepot.co.uk/acatalog/aa-battery-capacity-mah-lithium-alkaline-nicd-nimh-zinc-carbon-zinc-chloride.jpg

Lithium ion battery diagram

http://www.maximumpc.com/files/u90693/li-ion_405.jpg

Dry alkaline batttery

http://www.bizrice.com/upload/20120113/DRY_CELL_RECHARGEABLE_CAR_BATTERY.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Lithium polymer battery

http://img.tradeindia.com/fp/2/936/219.jpg

Power pack for Iphone

http://www.dexim.net/images2011/pro-D/DCA001-D.jpg

Lithium polymer batteries

http://flashlightnews.org/images5/RenataBatteries_LiPo_series.jpg

Lithium polymer cell diagram

http://www.sino-electro.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/polymer2.jpg

Macbook Pro battery

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2NRpphsnudrsSv10aYSYcQfbO-5aJdS_qXEEAQxsDv380Hx86kQ

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Macbook Pro laptop

http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2012/10/13inretina_0-100010100-orig.jpg

Mercury oxide button cell

http://www.mercury.utah.gov/images/625.jpg

Silver oxide button cell

http://newimg.globalmarket.com/PicLib/631/1945631/prod/48_1308558909250_l.jpg

Alkaline button cell

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTCvZbhUvZoP1w-zC6E6foAVJdSUjbrJPUcQBVlvmrqCoOQI2Zc

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Cordless pressure washer

http://www.nomad-direct.co.uk/images/uploads/Nomad-18v-Green/nomad18v_green2(1).jpg

Portable aircraft radio

http://www.ameradio.com/img/products/dittel-fsg-7016.jpg

Solar cell

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Solar_cell.png/220px-Solar_cell.png

Solar panel

http://solarcellstringer.com/images/solar_cells_panels_array_monocrystaline.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Spherical solar cell

http://greentechnolog.com/Windows-Live-Writer/Solar-cell-design-boosts-conversion-effi_DD95/sphelar-solar-cell.jpg

Mobile Solar charger

http://www.busyboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/solar-charger-powermonkey-2.jpg

Solar device charging several devices

http://www.busyboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/solar-charger-powermonkey.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Solar panel animation

http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/photovoltaic-effect.gif

Solar power house

http://aboutsolarcells.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/solar-cell-300x253.jpg

Hydrogen fuel car diagram

http://www.avtestlab.com/images/pic_fuel_cell_honda2.jpg

Hydrogen cells

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT18DXdw0xdtpomOnPAA7LICNL7RcsSm4yc7gPBn_tgg9EfyGXIXw

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Hydrogen fuel power plant

http://www.eere.energy.gov/topics/images/fuelcells2.jpg

Residential fuel cell system

http://www.jhia.or.jp/img/fcsystem.jpg

Nicad diagram, nicad cells,

http://adamone.rchomepage.com/nicad.gif

Nicad motorola nicad batteries

http://www.lmrbatteries.com/media/products/4596%20IS.jpg

Weight density graph

http://nordicgroup.us/battery/weightdensity.gif

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITSLuxury toy

http://www.gas-rc.com/Car-Images/5807_3qtr-front-47_md.jpg

BMW V8 hybrid

http://news.cnet.com/i/bto/20090914/bmw-activehybrid-x6-overall_610x427.jpg

http://asset0.cbsistatic.com/cnwk.1d/i/bto/20090914/bmw-activehybrid-7-overall_610x387.jpg

Alkaline cell diagram

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/6225/=redox.2.gif

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Fuel cell boat

http://www.peopleandplanet.net/image.php?id=1701

Energy cell case sizes

http://www.mpoweruk.com/images/energy_cells.jpg

PEM fuel cell diagram

http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/0/0d/PEM_fuelcell.svg/400px-PEM_fuelcell.svg.png

BMW hydrogen car

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTP1DtdFq7mGUEE9pvGHBaiK0QE_vrrkRGY_uDAztm5erSfSiGcPg

_

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Solar picture

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSIhL21Du3mQb-F2zAMYifwvgkzTqJlkqebCfReQD3Bkgyfa3E

Nicad and NiMH battery charger

http://www.uwsa.edu/assets/sites/oslp/images/ehs/EM/Waste/charger1.png

Lithium ion battery

http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSvYIQALHzAn5KHvvW5ZwLnq50I_v_FKMIyMd_ubSk7k4rw4SdTMQ

Cut out zinc-carbon cell

http://images.wisegeek.com/small/inside-of-dry-cell-battery.jpg

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OBJECTIVES

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Generator Cells


CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

XX

CREDITS

Solar Hydrogen Fuel Plant

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtXn23YHOV2Zea4b6BpLo40WSQ5WlS9wLD8HzONjIujmdkxmZ_

Solar Hydrogen Fuel Pump

http://identiture.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/hydrogen-fuel-pumps.jpeg

Alkaline wet cell battery

http://blog.theautopartsshop.com/tvt_content/uploads/2012/05/automotive-battery.png

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Education

Phyics M4 Types of cells