PHSNNC - The Humanitarian Initiative Against Nuclear Weapons

THE NPT: A SUCCESSFUL FAILED EXPERIMENT

Pasadena High School Nuclear Nonproliferation Club 2014-2015Advisor: Andrew KingStudents: Kyle Espiritu, Scott Lousen, Amadea Tanner

THE WORLD OF TODAY

• Today’s world faces a potentially greater risk of nuclear weapons detonation than during the time of the Cold War.

• More states in possession of nuclear weapons

• Greater potential for misunderstanding

Amanda Macias, Skye Gould and Michael B Kelley. "MAP: All 17,000 Of The World's Nukes." Business Insider. July 2, 2014. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.businessinsider.com/map-all-of-the-worlds-nukes-2014-7.

2013 OSLO CONFERENCE• Held on 4-5 of March, it

discussed the fact that nuclear weapons could potentially affect all states - directly or indirectly.

• No nation is currently able to cope with the humanitarian emergence posed by a nuclear weapon detonation.

Overmyer, John. "News Art (by John Overmyer): Peacekeeping." News Art (by John Overmyer): Peacekeeping. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/jo/jo169.htm./.

• NWS spent $105 billion spent on fiscal costs in 2011

• More than 10,000 times greater than the UN disarmament and non-proliferation budget

• One year of WMD funding is equal to 14 years of peacekeeping

• MWD spending could be used to fund humanitarian progress

• Mass death

• Destruction of infrastructure

• Agricultural disaster

• Displacement

• Economic fall-out

• Weather fluctuations

• Environmental catastrophe

• Species extinction

• Elimination of progress

• Governmental collapse

• Psychological distress

• Fear, panic, hysteria, chaos

HUMANITARIAN ARGUMENTSHumanitarian Impact Fiscal Impact

PAST VS. PRESENT

• The effects of a nuclear blast today would be much greater than in the past. • Our modern world is more

integrated and interdependent compared 1945.

• Nuclear Devastation to one country could potentially harm all other countries due to today’s extensive international economic dependency.

"ISS Africa | Africa's Role in Mitigating the Catastrophic Humanitarian Consequences of Nuclear Weapons." ISS Africa. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.issafrica.org/events/africas-role-in-mitigating-the-catastrophic-humanitarian-consequences-of-nuclear-weapons.

2014 NAYARIT CONFERENCE

• Held in February, it also revealed that the existence of nuclear threatens the fate of humanity. • “Simply banning" nuclear

weapons will not guarantee elimination.

• Emphasizing a humanitarian regime would force all nations to participate.

• More plausibly achieves the long-term goal of disarmament.

"Mexico Conference Marks Turning Point towards Nuclear Weapon Ban - Pressenza." Pressenza Mexico Conference Marks Turning Point towards Nuclear Weapon Ban Comments. February 17, 2014. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.pressenza.com/2014/02/mexico-conference-marks-turning-point-towards-nuclear-weapon-ban/.

2014 VIENNA CONFERENCE

• Held on December 8-9, it addressed the additional issues of deterrence and international security possible only through the use of no WMDs.

• Aspirations for a nuclear weapon free world will be addressed further in the upcoming 2015 NPT Review Conference.

Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.monitor.upeace.org/printer.cfm?id_article=1077.

OPPOSITION TO HUMANITARIAN INITIATIVE

• All 5 NWS boycotted the humanitarian initiative conferences.

• Discussion and focus would be diverted from the sovereign goal of nuclear disarmament.

• These states proclaim devotion to NPT.

• Taking a humanitarian approach would undermine the NPT's existing "step-by-step" process.

" Var SwitchTo5x=true;stLight.options({publisher: "ur-5db175ef-c6cd-5619-b3dd-b36676cbeca"});." Too Little on Nuclear Nonproliferation, Gandenberger, ABQ JRNL, 26 May 2013. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.lasg.org/press/2013/ABQ_JRNL_Gandenberger_26May2013.html .

NWS RATIONALE

• The NWS further argue that they have accomplished unprecedented feats since the end of the Cold War.

• They question why a new approach should be taken to reduce stockpiles further.

Keller, Jared. "The Cartoon Guide to Surviving a Nuclear Bomb Test." The Atlantic. May 24, 2011. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/05/the-cartoon-guide-to-surviving-a-nuclear-bomb-test/239384/.

SHORTCOMINGS• What they fail to admit,

however, is that progress has stagnated in recent years. • All NWS have been in a

state of dormancy for nuclear weapons reduction.

"Www.theage.com.au." Attack, or Learn to Live with It. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/attack-or-learn-to-live-with-it/2006/10/11/1160246195469.html.

HOPEFUL PROSPECTS

• However, the UK and US did attend the most recent humanitarian initiative conference in Vienna. • While the remaining NWS of

Russia, China, and France failed to attend, the presence of some of the NWS represents a move towards progress.

"Nuclear Disarmament: Beyond Iran." Common Dreams. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.commondreams.org/views/2013/12/12/nuclear-disarmament-beyond-iran.

THE NPT MIRRORS THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• First US constitution

• Established a limited government

• Philadelphia Conference held in 1787 to revise Articles

• Founding Fathers initially wanted to make improvements

• Ended up writing a completely new document.

• The US Constitution

"America Acknowledges God." The Foundation For Moral Law. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://morallaw.org/resources/america-acknowledges-god/.

NEW Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

THE NEW NPT

PREAMBLE

• Original NPT was a Successful, Failed Experiment

• Initiated Nuclear Reduction Treaties (SALT I & II, START, New START, ABM Treaty, SORT)

• Lack of Progress with new actors

• Emphasis on Nuclear Education

• Inclusion of Israel, Pakistan, India, and North Korea as NWS

• Emphasis on Nuclear Terrorism

Image: John Overmeyer.“Open Letter to Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Conference ,” Nodutdol.org. April 27, 2010. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://nodutdol.org/index.php/news/archives/287/

ARTICLE I

• Purpose: Role and Responsibilities of NWS

• Inclusion of Israel, Pakistan, India, and North Korea

• Cut-off date January 1, 2007

Image: Paul Lachine. “pa1430c.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/pa/pa110.htm

ARTICLE II

• Purpose: Responsibility of Non-Nuclear Weapon States

Image: John Overmeyer. “jo4910c.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/jo/jo169.htm

ARTICLE III

• Purpose Nuclear Safeguards

• Revisions:

• Cessation of Fissile Material Development for Nuclear Weapons

• Adoption of Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty

• Commitment to additional surveillance, cooperation, and funding prevent nuclear nonproliferation

• Additional support for IAEA to ensure effective safeguards for nuclear energy and nuclear weapons

Image: “Australia satisfied with India's nuclear safeguards: Trade Minister of Australia.” www.theindiatimes.com. September 2, 2014. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53480055_1_uranium-sale-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-trade-minister-andrew-robb

ARTICLE IV

• Purpose: Peaceful Nuclear Energy

• Additions:

• Development of an International Fuel Bank

• Development of an International Reprocessing Plant

• Commitment to sharing nuclear technology to promote safe nuclear power (Fukushima/Chernobyl)

• Commitment to permanent international solution for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel


ARTICLE V

• Purpose: Sharing of nuclear research and technology

• Addition:

• Complete Cessation of Nuclear Testing

• Adoption of Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

Image: “Close the Door on Nuclear Testing.” www.ctbto.org. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.ctbto.org/specials/close-the-door-on-nuclear-testing/

ARTICLE VI

• Purpose: Pursue nuclear disarmament and arms control

• Additions:

• Phased Reduction of Nuclear Weapons Every 10 Years (50%)

• US and RUS (2020)

• UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea (2070)

• Complete Elimination (2100)

• Phased reduction of Deployed, Delivery Vehicles, Stockpiles

• Commitment to Diplomacy and confidence building through progress

• Changing Nuclear Postures (no high alert weapons)

• Cessation of Nuclear Weapon Production & Modernization

• Complete ban on nuclear weapons use

2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

Russia 8420 4210 2105 1053 526 263 132 66 0

USA 7650 3825 1913 956 478 239 120 60 0

France 300 300 300 300 300 150 75 38 0

China 240 240 240 240 240 120 60 30 0

United Kingdom 225 225 225 225 225 113 56 28 0

Pakistan 110 110 110 110 110 55 28 14 0

India 100 100 100 100 100 50 25 13 0

Israel 80 80 80 80 80 40 20 10 0

North Korea 10 10 10 10 10 5 3 1 0

Global Stockpiles 17135 9100 5083 3074 2069 1035 517 259 0

ARTICLE VII

• Purpose: Regional Treaties (NWFZs)

Van Es, Chris. "News Art: Peacekeeping." News Art: Peacekeeping. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/ve/ve169.htm.

ARTICLE VIII• Purpose:

• Emphasis on Nuclear Education

• Promote critical will

• Dispel stigma

• Develop competent nuclear workforce

Image: “US commits $5million for nuclear energy education.” www.energylivenews.com. May 13, 2014. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.energylivenews.com/2014/05/13/us-commits-5m-for-nuclear-energy-education/

ARTICLE IX

• Purpose: Amendment and Review Conferences

Lachine, Paul. "News Art (by Paul Lachine): Peacekeeping." News Art (by Paul Lachine): Peacekeeping. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/pa/pa169.htm.

ARTICLE X• Purpose:

• Ratification Process and Designation of NWS and NNWS


ARTICLE XI• Purpose: Withdrawal Procedures

• Revisions:

• Additional Protocols for Withdrawal

• 4 months

• Review, Verification, and Response to Withdrawal Statement

• Assessment of Nuclear Proliferation

• IAEA inspectors to visit all facilities

• Dismantle any facilities/devices obtained through NPT peaceful energy partnerships


ARTICLE XII• Purpose: Translation of Treaty

Image: Tim Brinton. “tb1002.” www.news.art.com. Accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.newsart.com/tb/tb169.htm

"Deviant Art." Nuclear Wasteland by XxHighfirexX on DeviantArt. Accessed March 9, 2015. http://xxhighfirexx.deviantart.com/art/Nuclear-Wasteland-180973184.