Phrase Structure Rule

Jan Michael de Asis EN 100 / EN Plus

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• (sm)Perhaps (SUBJ) the man (PRED) works at home.

Rule 1:

• Sentence modifiers (sm) are:– Sentential adverbs like perhaps, maybe, yes and

no– Question marker – Negation morpheme not

• S’ is the obligatory sentence core or the main constituent.

Rule 1:

• (sm)Perhaps (SUBJ) the man (PRED) works at home.

Rule 2:

• Noun Phrase – phrase that fills a spot and that is a SUBJECT POSITION

Rule 3:

• (det) can take up three words. e.g. all the other, the first four.

Rule 4:

3

• Determiners can be: –Pre determiners (all, both)–Core (a, the, this, that)–Post determiners (three, other)

Rule 4:

• PrepP cannot have a predicate relationship with the head of a noun. • e.g. a man with honor cannot be changed to a man is

honor. • This contrasts with the flower vase on the table which

can be changed to the flower vase is on the table.

Rule 4:

• The intensifier is potentially multiple– very , very interesting news

– really very nice bag

Rule 5:

• Adjectives can also be multiple. Prep P may follow an adjective–my good – for – nothing nephew

Rule 5:

•The NP can be expanded as in rule 4.

Rule 6:

• The PRED consists of an auxiliary followed by a verb phrase. Optional multiple adverbials may be in sentence final position.

Rule 7:

•Advl CL: The boys leftbefore their father could find them

Rule 8:

•Advl P: The boys work very quickly.

Rule 8:

•Prep P: The boys eat lunch in the city.

Rule 8:

• Traditionally, we could refer to the adverbial subordinator as subordinating conjunction. • TO expand S, we go back to rule 1.

Rule 8a:

• The intensifier could be the multiple and they may be of the same form as the intensifier for adjectives: – very , very quickly – really quite eagerly

Rule 8b:

• Sentence Final Adverbials can be different types: – Manner: Jose runs quickly. – Direction: Jose runs to the store. – Position: Jose is at home. – Time: Sam eats lunch at noon. – Frequency: Sam eats lunch everyday. – Purpose: Ann works to earn money. – Reason: Ann works because she has to pay bills.

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials:

• Manner, direction and position– Direction and manner have variable order with respect

to each other. – Manner and position have variable order with respect

to each other. – Direction tends to precede position, and they tend to

be adjacent (juxtaposed/no intervening adverb.

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Manner, direction and position–He ran quickly around the track at the park

[manner – direction – position]

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Manner, direction and position–He ran around the track at the park quickly

[ direction – position - manner ]

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Manner, direction and position

?He ran around the track quickly at the park. [direction - manner – position]

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Time and Frequency– Time and Frequency tend to follow

manner, direction, and position. –Time and Frequency are variable in

order with respect to each other.

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Time and Frequency– She eats lunch quickly (every day at

noon.) –She eats lunch quickly (at noon every

day.)

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Purpose and Reason– Purpose and reason tend to follow all

other adverbials. –Purpose tends to precede reason.

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Purpose and Reason– She eats lunch quickly everyday in

order to have time to read. (Purpose)

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Purpose and Reason– Jane went to Iloilo to visit her uncle

[purpose] because he had not seen him for years [reason].

ADVERBIALS

• Generalizations applicable to the ordering of sentence final adverbials: • Purpose and Reason

? Jane went to Iloilo because he had not seen him for years [reason] to visit her uncle [purpose].

ADVERBIALS

• Non – imperative sentence obligatorily take the grammatical tense or a modal (will, can, must, shall and may).

Rule 9:

• Non – imperative sentence obligatorily take the grammatical tense or a modal (will, can, must, shall and may).

Rule 9:

• Beyond the tense or modal, three optional categories may be present: –Phrasal modal (be going to, have to) –Perfect aspect (have + past participle)–Progressive aspect (be + present

participle

Rule 9:

Rule 10:

Rule 11:

Rule 12:

Rule 13:

I write the answer on the board.