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Phrase Structure
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So far…
• General Approach– Universal Grammar (UG) / Language Instinct
• Datati k ’ i t iti ( t bilit j d t )
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– native speakers’ intuitions (acceptability judgments)
• Resulting Theory of Grammar– words, phrases, categories for words and phrases
(e.g., Nouns, Verbs; Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases) (basic concepts any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)
Next:
• The internal structure of phrases and how we can represent it.
H h t t th t t
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• How phrases are put together to create sentences.
Phrase Structure
My very funny friend in Russia will go toDet Adv A N P N Aux V P
t t
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a concert tomorrow. Det N Adv
My very funny friend in RussiaNP → Det AP N PPNP → (Det) (AP*) N (PP*)
Phrase Internal Structure
• why (AP*): – My talented handsome funny friend
A A A
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– My friend
• why (PP*):– My friend in Russia with a convertible
PP PP– My friend
Phrase Internal Structure
very funny
AP→ Mod A AP→ (Mod) A (PP)
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AP→ (Mod) A (PP)
• why (PP): – proud (of himself)
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Phrase Internal Structure
[in Russia]PP P NPPP (Mod) P (NP)
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[tomorrow]AdvP AdvAdvP (Mod) Adv
(very) infrequently
Phrase Internal Structure
[go to a concert tomorrow]VP→ V PP AdvP
VP→ (AdvP) V (NP*) (PP*) (AdvP*)
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why NP* : give Mary the bookNP NP
why PP*: go to a concert in his convertiblePP PP
why AdvP*: go to a concert briefly tomorrowAdvP AdvP
Phrase Internal Structure
[My very funny friend in Russia will go toa concert tomorrow]
S NP (Aux) VP
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S NP (Aux) VP
[S [NP My very funny friend in Russia] will [VP go to a concert tomorrow]]
Phrase Structure Rules for English
S → NP (Aux) VPNP → (Det) (AP*) N (PP*)VP → (AdvP) V (NP*) (PP*) (AdvP*)
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PP → (Mod) P (NP)AP → (Mod) A (PP)AdvP → (Mod) Adv (PP)
Embedding 1
• A mouse• A mouse in a house• A mouse in a house on a street• A mouse in a house on a street with a lamp
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p• A mouse in a house on a street with a lamp
without a switch
• What’s embedded in what?• Prepositional Phrases can be embedded inside
Noun Phrases, to make bigger and bigger NPs.
Embedding 2• Bill saw Mary• Harry said that Bill saw Mary• Rita heard that Harry said that Bill saw Mary• Marvin whispered that Rita heard that Harry said
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that Bill saw Mary
• What’s embedded in what?• Sentences can be embedded inside bigger
sentences.
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Embedding 3Relative Clauses
• The cat• The cat that ate the rat• The cat that ate the rat that lived in the barn• The cat that ate the rat that lived in the barn that
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sat near the house that Jack built
• What is embedded in what?• Relative Clauses inside Noun Phrases; to make
bigger and bigger Noun Phrases.
We can mix and match ALL of these various embedding mechanisms
• If Bill distinctly heard that a mouse in the house that sits on the edge of the forest will most likely eat a frog from Moline and if Taras Bulba
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believes that this will threaten the stability of the Western empire, then pink panthers with shining eyes and split lips may decide that it is time that they took matters into their own limp paws!
Phrase Structure Rules for English
S → NP (Aux) VPNP → (Det) (AP*) N (PP*)VP → (AdvP) V (NP*) (PP*) (AdvP*)
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PP → (Mod) P (NP)AP → (Mod) A (PP)AdvP → (Mod) Adv (PP)
Recursion
[NP The cat [PP on [NP the mat [PP in [NP the bedroom [PP next to [NP the bathroom…]]]]]]]
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NP → (Det) (AP*) N (PP*) PP → (Adv) P NP
Phrase Structure
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Beads on a string Hierarchical structure
Two key ideas
• Recursive Rules:– rules that can apply again and again to their
own outputs • Hierarchical structure:
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• Hierarchical structure:– recursive rules can yield bigger and bigger
phrases
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Phrase Structure Tree
S
NP Aux VP
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D AP N PP V PP AdvP
A P NP Adv
My good friend in Russia will go to a concert tomorrow.
P NP
D N
Phrase Structure Tree
• Branch:a line connecting two parts of a tree
• Node:
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Node:the terminal point (the beginning or the end) of a branch
• Label:the name given to a node (e.g., N, VP, S, etc.)
nodesA
B
Phrase Structure Tree
branch
label
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C
The Internal Structure of a Noun Phrase
the
NP
Specifier
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theaeverythismyBill’s
N
studentfriendheMary
in my classwho is a liarthat took my wallet
ComplementHead
Types of NPs
NP
N
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dogs toothbrushes
quiche sheep
OswaldRuby
Types of NPs
NP
N
NP
Pro
NP
Det N
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dogs toothbrushes
quiche sheep
OswaldRuby
I, me,you, he, him, she, her, we,
us, they, them, it
the dog a mousemost cats
these peopleevery guy
5
Types of NPs
NP
AdjP(Det) N
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happy dogsthe big onea raw dealrainy days
Types of NPs
NP
AdjP(Det) N
NP
AdjP(Det) NAdjP
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happy dogs,the big one,a raw deal,rainy days
the big bad wolf,a small yellow balla mad mad world
longer strings of AdjPs are possible
Types of VPs
VP
V
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slept arrivedsmiled
coughedwaved
ate
Types of VPs
VP
V NP
VP
V
h
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slept, left, arrived,smiled,
coughedwaved
ate
chase
Types of VPs
VP
V NP
VP
V
NP
Det N
the dog,a boy,
those cats, these people,
that guyh
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slept, left, arrived,smiled,
coughedwaved
ate
that guychase
Types of VPs
VP
V NP
VP
V
NP
Det N
the dog, a boy,
those cats, these people,
th t
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chased the dog, saw a boy,
love these people, hate that guy
slept, left, arrived,smiled,
coughedwaved
ate
that guy
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Types of VPs
VP
V NP
VP
V NP
h
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slept, left, arrived,smiled,
coughedwaved
ate
Pro
I, me, myyou, your he, him, his, she,
her, we, us, our, their, them, it
chase
Types of VPs
VP
V NP
VP
V NP
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chased me, saw you,
love them, hate her
slept, left, arrived,smiled,
coughedwaved
ate
Pro
I, me, myyou, your he, him, his, she,
her, we, us, our, their, them, it
So you plug these little trees together like puzzle pieces
to get more and more complex structures
S
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NP VP
So you plug these little trees together like puzzle pieces
to get more and more complex structures
S
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NP VP VP
V NP
So you plug these little trees together like puzzle pieces
to get more and more complex structures
S
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NP VP VP
V NP
subject predicate
So you plug these little trees together like puzzle pieces
to get more and more complex structures
S
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NP VP
V NP
subject predicate
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So you plug these little trees together like puzzle pieces
to get more and more complex structures
S
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NP VP
V NP
subject predicate
object
Mary
NP VP
S
V NP
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Marylikes
Bill.
NP VP
S
Phrase Structure Trees
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Marylikes Bill.
V NP
Phrase Structure Rules:
S NP VP
A sentence is divided into phrases produced by Phrase Structure Rules
Mary
NP VP
S
V NPsisters
mother
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Marylikes
Bill.
PS rules relate mothers to sisters
NP VP
S
V NPDet N
S NP VP
VP V NP
NP Det N
NP Det N
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likes
boytheDet N
girlThe
Phrase Structure Trees and Rules
NP VP
S
V NPDet N
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likes
boy.theDet N
girlThe
S NP VP
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NP VP
S
V NPDet N
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likes
boy.theDet N
girlThe
NP Det N
NP
Det N PP
The girl
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The girlin thebluedress
NP Det N PP
NP
Det N
The girlPP
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The girlP NP
Det Nin
thebluedressAdjP
PP P NP
NP Det AdjP N
VP
S
V NP
NP
Det N PP
S NP VP
NP Det N PP
PP P NP
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likesThe girlP NP
Det Nin
thebluedressAdjP
boy.theDet N
PP P NP
NP D AP N
NP
Det N PP
The boy
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The boyin her class
NP
Det N
The boyPP
NP Det N PP
PP P NP
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The boyP NP
Nin
her classD
NP Det N
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VP
S
likesV NP
NP
Det N PP
The girl
S NP VP
VP V NP
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gP NP
Det N
in
the blue dressAdjP
boytheDet N PP
P NPin
classherDet N
NP Det N PP
NP Det AdjP N NP Det N
PP P NP