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Types of Phrasal verbs
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PHRASAL VERBS AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
UNIT 4
PHRASAL AND PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
A . C L A S S I F I C A T I O N I N T O F O U R C A T E G O R I E S :
1. Phrasal verbs (V+Adv) a. intransitive verb + particle: The plane took off on time.
b. transitive verb + particle: He gave back the book.
2. Prepositional verbs a. intransitive verb (V+Prep): She looked after her family.
b. transitive verb (V+NP+Prep): You've talked me into it.
3. Phrasal prepositional verbs a. intransitive verb (V+Adv+Prep): I won't put up with this noise.
b. transitive verb (V+NP+Adv+Prep): I'll take you up on that.
4. Other prepositional combinations: a. (V+NP+Prep): We soon made friends with them.
b. (V+Adj+Prep): I'll get even with you.
Type of
verb
Components Lexical
Verb
Direct
Object
Particles +
prepositional
Object
Adverb Prepositio
n
1. Type I Phrasal V. Come
Crop
------
------
In
Up
------
------
------
------
2. Type II Phrasal V. Send
Turn
S’one
S’one
Away
Down
------
------
------
------
3. Type I Prepositional V. Come
Come
------
------
------
------
With
Across
+me
+a problem
4. Type II Prepositional V Receive
Take
S’thing
S’one
------
------
From
For
+me
+a fool
5.Type I Phrasal –
Prepositional V
Run
Come
------
------
Away
Up
With
With
+it
+an answer
6. Type II Phrasal
Prepositional V
Send
Put
S’one
S’one
Out
Up
Into
For
+the world
+election
A L L F O U R C O M B I N A T I O N S M A Y B E M O R E O R L E S S I D I O M A T I C :
More idiomatic Less idiomatic
1a. The enemy gave in. (= surrendered) The
guests came in.
1b. Take this message down. (= write) Take that
picture down.
3. He did away with his wife. (= murdered) The
thief got away with the money.
CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS:
1. The adverbial particles of some intransitive phrasal verbs
could sometimes be understood as prepositions with an
understood complement:
Five cars have gone past (this place) in the last few minutes.
This is where we get off (the bus).
2. It is sometimes difficult to decide whether a structure should be
analysed as an intransitive verb followed by a prepositional phrase or a
prepositional verb:
They walked for hours.
They waited for the next bus.
D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N P H R A S A L V E R B S A N D V E R B + P R E P O S I T I O N S C O M B I N A T I O N S
Notice, for example the
contrast in meaning of the
following pairs of
sentences:
1. A The boy ran into the street Verb+
prepositional phrase
1. B He ran into an old friend yesterday
(met by accident) Phrasal verb
2.A The passers-by looked into the window
curiously - verb+ prepositional phrase
2.B Have the policemen looked into the
bank robbery (investigated)- phrasal verb
O F T E N T H E D I F F E R E N C E C A N B E T E S T E D W I T H A Q U E S T I O N:
They arrived at the station. Where did they
arrive?
*What did they arrive at?
She looked at the pictures. *Where did she look?
What did she look at?
For each of these sentences we can
compose a question with “where” and
five a meaningful answer by using a
prepositional phrase:
The boy run into the street
Where did the boy run? Into the street
If we form a question with “Where” for the
sentences in the second example, however, we find
that there is no meaningful response:
Mr. Brown run into an old friend
Where did Mr Brown run? Into an old friend (not
meaningful)
But when we formulate a question with “what” or
“whom” using the two-word verb as a unit, we find
that the meaning is clear:
Whom did he run into? An old friend
What is the committee talking over? Our report.
So, a two word verb is a grammatical unit which
fulfils the normal functions of a verb in a sentence.
In the sentences above, we will consider the noun
phrases which follow the two-word verbs as the
object of the two-word verbs, not as the objects of
the preposition
DIFFERENCES: STRESS ON ADVERB PARTICLES
B. a. Stress - an adverb particle is usually
stressed, a monosyllabic preposition is not:
1a. I wish you'd shut up. 1b. I handed in the work.
2. He took to drink. Can you look after it?
3. She carried on with her work.
4. He took hold of her arm.
POSITION OF THE DIRECT OBJECT
b. Position of the direct object: - the direct
object may follow or precede the adverb particle of a
phrasal verb. If the object is a pronoun, it must
precede the adverb particle:
They called up the young men. They called
the young men up.
They let us down. We put them off.
PASSIVES
f. Passives: Transitive phrasal verbs can be freely
used in the passive:
1b. Two hundred workers were laid off. The
money will have to be given back
IDIOMS
What are idioms?
The free dictionary defines Idioms as (Linguistics) "a group of words
whose meaning cannot be predicted from the
meanings of the constituent words".
Example 1: in a fire situation (He just arrived) in the nick of time to call
the fire brigade before it was a real disaster, meaning, at the last possible
second.
Example 2: If something works in the long run, it means in the end, when the
whole process is finished, but it has nothing to do with running, as an action.
IDIOMS IN USE
Idioms are very common in spoken English and less common in
written English, or more formal situations, and are very often
used in business contexts to help create a relaxed atmosphere.
What's more, you can listen to them in TV comedy, drama series.
Using idioms make you sound more personal, friendly and less
formal. That's why it is another important aspect when learning a
language at advanced levels.
TIP TO LEARN IDIOMS
Learn a couple of idioms each day, try to learn
them on a daily basis. Also, try learning them
by saying the phrases out loud until they sound
natural to you. You can even write them down
and keep a notebook for idioms. Lastly, you can
visit the pages below and practice them.
EXERCISES
For more information and practice vitit:
http://cursodeingles-elena.blogspot.com.es/20
12/03/unit-4-phrasal-verbs.html
PROVERBS
http://cursodeingles-elena.blogspot.com.es/2012/03
/what-are-proverbs.html