• One of the hardest things to get right in a photograph is the lighting. Too much light, too little light, or a combination of the two can ruin an otherwise perfect photo. But, this problem can be solved if you understand the types of lighting, how they affect your camera and what you can do to use these effects to your full advantage.

1.Backlighting - light that comes from behind your subject. This can make a beautiful photo, or turn a beautiful photo into a disaster. Backlighting is what turns a palm tree into a silhouette against the sunset.2. Side lighting - Side lighting can have a very drastic effect on your photos, also. But,

unlike backlighting, its brightness comes from the right or left of your subject. This tends to cast one side in total darkness, while putting the other in the spot light. This is a wonderful way to get a mysterious, dramatic portrait photo.

3. Artificial Lighting - Artificial lighting is the flash on your camera , expensive lights in the studio, they all have their strengths and weaknesses. On camera flashes are simple and easy to use, but sometimes cause the awful red eye so common in snapshots. The farther the flash is away from the lens, the less likely this is to happen. Another problem with on camera flash is the harsh light they cast onto the subject. If you have an off camera flash, you can bounce the light for a softer effect.

Photographic and Design Principle

Ruth Samuel

• Image manipulation :-

Photo manipulation is the function of image editing techniques to photographs

in order to create an illusion or deception.

Photos composited and manipulated in an image editing

program

Photographic and Design Principle

Ruth Samuel

Colour :- It is photography that uses media capable of representing colours, which are traditionally produced chemically during the photographic processing phase. E.G. Black and white

Composition :-Composition is the placement of elements within the restriction of the frame of the photo. On a 35mm camera this is a rectangle. On a Twin Lens camera it is a square. In either case, the frame is going to see LESS than our eyes, so the trick is to decide what to point the camera at.

Photographic terms and TechniquesAperture is referred to the lens diaphragm opening inside a photographic lens. The size of the diaphragm opening in a camera lens Regulates the amount of light that passes through onto the film inside the camera the moment when the shutter curtain in camera opens during an exposure process.

Camera Lenses - The focal length of a lens determines its angle of view, and thus also how much the subject will be magnified for a given photographic position. Wide angle lenses have short focal lengths,

while telephoto lenses have longer corresponding focal lengths.

Flash - A flash is a device used in photography producing a flash of artificial light (typically 1/1000 to 1/200 of a second) at a colour temperature of about 5500 K to help illuminate a scene. A major purpose of a flash is to illuminate a dark scene.