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Objectivity—

is a central philosophical concept, relatedto reality and truth. Generally, objectivity meansthe state or quality of being true even outside ofa subject's individual biases, interpretations,feelings, and imaginings.

sCONCEPTION AND CONCEIVABLE THEORY

KANT’S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is a German

philosopher where he went into the University Of

Königsberg, and spent his academic career focusing

on philosophy, mathematics and physics. He studied

the philosophies of Leibniz and Wolff. At the same

time, he was introduced to Newton’s mathematical

physics.

IMMANUEL KANT

Kant devised a model, an individualepistemology, by examining the basis ofhuman knowledge and its limits. In 1781, hepublished his Critique of Pure Reason, but itwas not recognized because it was written in atough scholastic style. He was disappointedwith his Critique. In 1783, he clarified it bypublishing Prolegomena to Any FutureMetaphysics.

The introduction in the CRITIQUE OF PUREREASON stated that metaphysics is possible.Metaphysics is within the province oftranscendental aesthetics, which dealsmainly with the problem of time and space.Time and space are our means to deal withobjects, which are the beginning ofunderstanding the truth. Space and time arenecessary for without them we cannot doanything.

Space and time is necessary anduniversal as they are, have something todo with intuition and not with concept.Necessity and universality are means tobe certain in the natural existence ofmetaphysics.

Kant believes that the revolutionestablished by mathematics and thenatural sciences, although a good groundfor experimentation, is not enough to leadus to the safe path of knowledge.

The Transcendental Logic is

subdivided into 2 MAJOR

SECTIONS:

• The Transcendental Analytic— Kant discussed the categories to speak on “good behavior”

• The Transcendental Dialectic— he discusses the attempt to apply the pure concepts outside the field of experience; the categories on “bad behavior”

TYPES OF JUDGMENT

Before Kant concluded the validity of hisposition, he discussed it from two perspectives:

1. ANALYTIC a priori. This kind of knowledge isuniversal, conceptual, and relies heavily onideas. Kant identified this as the noumena.

2. SYNTHETIC a prosteriori. This kind of knowledgearises within the bounds of phenomena andexperiences and relies heavily on empirical data.Kant identified this as the phenomena.

According to Kant, “Gedankenohne inhalt sind leer, anchaungen ohnebegriffe sind blind (Concept withoutintuition is empty, intuition withoutconcept is blind).” Hence, he pointedthat there can be no science withoutconcept and intuition.

INTUITIONmeans the direct perception of truth. It is the power of understanding or realizing

something without thinking it.

CONCEPT means an idea of something formed by

mentally combining all its characteristics or particulars.

In metaphysics, and especially ontology,a concept is a fundamental category ofexistence. In contemporary philosophy, thereare at least three prevailing ways tounderstand what a concept is:

• Concepts as mental representations, where concepts are entities that exist in the brain.

• Concepts as abilities, where concepts are abilities peculiar to cognitive agents.

• Concepts as abstract objects, where objects are the constituents of propositions that mediate between thought, language, and referents.

When the mind makes a generalizationsuch as the concept of tree, it extractssimilarities from numerous examples; thesimplification enables higher-level thinking.

QUIZ: Answer the following:

1. It is the direct perception of truth and it isthe power of understanding or realizing

something without thinking it.

(CONCEPT, INTUITION, JUDGMENT)

2. It is a Transcendental Logic where ImmanuelKant discusses the attempt to apply the pureconcepts outside the field of experience; thecategories on “bad behavior”

3. This kind of knowledge is universal,conceptual, and relies heavily on ideas. Kantidentified this as the noumena. It is a priori.

(ANALYTIC or SYNTHETIC)

4. This kind of knowledge arises within thebounds of phenomena and experiencesand relies heavily on empirical data. Kantidentified this as the phenomena. It is aprosteriori.

(ANALYTIC or SYNTHETIC)

5. A German philosopher who spent his academiccareer focusing on philosophy, mathematics andphysics. He also introduced to Newton’smathematical physics.

6. It is a central philosophical concept, relatedto reality and truth. It means the state orquality of being true even outside of a subject'sindividual biases, interpretations, feelings, andimaginings.

(SUBJECTIVITY or OBJECTIVITY)

7. It is an idea of something formed by

mentally combining all its characteristicsor particulars.

(CONCEPT or INTUITION)

8. TRUE or FALSE

Concepts as mental representations,where concepts are entities that exist inthe HEART.

9. TRUE or FALSE

Concepts as mental representations,where concepts are entities that existin the brain.

10. If Transcendental Analytic isabout on “good behavior.” What isThe Transcendental Dialectic?