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Impact of Hydroelectric Power Projects on the Lifestyle of Tribal Communities in Himachal

Pradesh: A Study in Kinnaur District with Social Work

Perspective

SupervisorProf . C.P. SinghDeptt. Of Social Work,KU, Kurukshetra

ResearcherMool RajPh. D R/Scholar, Social Work, KU, Kurukshetra

1st Seminar on Review of Literature

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Introduction about Review of Literature

Review of Literature

Identified Social Issues & Research Gap

Rationale of the study

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Introduction about review of literature

Provides us deep insight about the particular subject or research problems

Help us in finding the detailed knowledge about the research topic

Provides us direction in specifying our research problem

Identify existing knowledge gap in the study

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Review

Reference• Asher (2015) in her published article has

highlighted the environmental threats from hydro electric projects in Kinnaur.

• Manshi Asher has stated that Kinnaur is one of the most ecologically fragile regions and is under threat from widespread construction activity for hydroelectric power projects.

• Impact of tunneling and construction of HEP on destabilization and disturbances of water sources.

• Narrated stories of landslides in Pangi, Barang, Mebar and Rally

• Provisions for compensation under Land Acquisitions Act 1984 and R& R policy not substantial for sustainable livelihoods

Asher, M. (2015, May 29). Kinnaur curse?

Environmental threats from Hydropower

Projects. Economical and Political Weekly.

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Review of Literature• Tried to investigate to know

environmental and social impact of Karcham Wangtu (1000MW) hydro power project in Kinnaur district of H.P.

• Some adverse impact of Karcham Wangtu project are as cracks in houses, land sliding, decrease in crop production, deforestation & land diversion, drying of spring water & climate change.

• Used semi-directed interview with 40 stakeholders, 10 from each four villages i.e., Chagaon, Urni, Yula and Meeru.

• Finding: 37 stakeholders reported that heavy blasting during construction produced cracks in their houses.

• Research gaps: Provision of R& R has not been covered in their research paper.

Negi, B. B., & Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Environmental and social impact of Karcham- Wangtu hydropower project in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh: a Retrospective analysis. Delhi.

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Review of Literature

• Explored the perceptions of the communities about the impact of hydroelectric power project on the Ravi & Chenab basins of district Chamba in H,P

• conducted interview of selected 6-8 key informants among the members of gram sabha (village level council) & NGOs.

• The researcher conducted 10-15 individuals interview in each village of two tribal blocks: Pangi and Bharmour of Chamba.

• Snow ball sampling method was used to select the villager for interview who could supply information on impact of hydroelectric power projects. Secondary data was collected

• Based on research study, the adverse impact of hydro power projects has been observed in terms of lack of resettlement of project affected peoples, homelessness or landlessness, environmental impact like submergence, deforestation, loss of flora/fauna, soil erosion etc.

Sharma, H. K., & Rana, P. K. (2014). Assessing the impacts of hydro power project construction on the river basin of District Chamba of Himachal Pradesh. International Research Journal of Social Sciences , 3 (2). Retrieved on 12 march, 2015 from http://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v3/i2/4.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-213.pdf

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Review of Literature

• Used multistage sampling technique for the selection of respondents. 200 respondents were interviewed, one from each selected households from 20 selected villages including 17 villages from Nichar Block of Kinnaur district and 3 villages from Rampur block of district Shimla through proportionate method.

• Used 1* and 2* data• The finding of the study shows that majority of the

heads of families were male (94.50 per cent) which indicates the dominance of males in managing land and other farm resources. The average family size, active work force and sex ratio for the sampled population were worked to be 4.16, 3.05 and 865 respectively. The extent of pucca house after project period had increased.

• Housing standard of respondents had improved significantly. It has been observed that the quality of drinking water of natural water bodies had deteriorated after the project work mainly due to the fact that sources have got disturbed through the blasting at the time of excavation of tunnel. The study shows that before project implementation the extent of cracks in the buildings and field were negligible as reported by the respondents.

Katoch, A., Guleria, J., & Kumar, A. (2014). Impact of Nathpa- Jhakri Hydroelectric Power Project on the environment and livelyhood in Kinnaur and Shimla Districts of Himachal Pradesh. Collage of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Department of Agriculture Economics, Extention Education and Rural Sociology, Palampur.

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Review of Literature

• Did comparative analysis of environmental impacts of many small scale hydro power plants with a few large scale hydro power projects and one wind power farm. Some environmental parameters taken by them for their study were land occupation, reduction in wilderness areas (INON), visibility and impacts on red listed species. Their basis for comparison was similar energy volume produced without considering the quality of energy services provided.

• Finding : Research work shows that small scale hydropower performs less favourably in all parameters except land occupation i.e. small scale hydro power project uses smallest land area in order to produce the same volume of electricity as compared to large hydro power project and wind power. On all other three parameters, small scale hydro power performs more than two times worse than both large hydro electric power and wind power.

Bakken, T. H., Aase, A. G., Hajen, D., Sundt, H., Barton, D. N., & Lujala, P. (2014). Demonstrating a new framework for the comparison of Environmental impacts from small and large scale Hydropower and wind power projects. Journal of Environment Management .

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Review of Literature

• Used primary as well as secondary.• Conducted structured questionnaires,

schedules, interviews and personal observations in order to collect primary data. Behavioural approach was also used .

• In the first stage, the researcher did rapid assessment of study area and in the second stage, data collection was done in the likely project affected villages which falls in district Kinnaur. Found that terrain around project site is going to have permanent and temporary changes in landscape. The major impact will be change in land use (categorized as dense forest, open forest scrub/scattered forests, alpine vegetation, alpine barren and snow) leading to fragmentation due to submergence and construction of project.

• Suggested decision making, transparency and engagement of all stakeholders to mitigated adverse impact of HEP.

Chand, J. (2013). Geographical Analysis of Kashang Hydroelectric Project in Kinnaur, HP- A case Study. Research Reformer, International Referred Online Research Journal , 17-29.

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Review of Literature

• Presented a case study on the socio-economic impact of hydro-projects due to the construction of Pong dam.

• Highlighted the socio-economic changes and new patterns of life that come in the wake of the construction of the Pong dam..

• According to the 1971 census report, a total of 90 villages got fully submerged in the reservoir. The Pong project is estimated to have affected a population of almost 45000 persons.

• In the research study, perceptions and experiences of peoples and wetlands depicts that the original inhabitants perceive the outsees as the people who encroached upon their land (and because of which the prices rose sharply), jobs, opportunities and infrastructure.

• Recommended that conservation strategy for biota or wildlife can only succeed if it takes into account the well being of the locals.

Saxena, A. (2013). The socio- economic impact of Hydropower Projects: A case study of pong Dam. Journal of Indian Research , 1 (2), 1-22.

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Review

Reference

• The two hydroelectric projects undertaken for the study was the Vishnuprayag (400 MW) and Tapovan- Vishnugad (520 MW) in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand. The stakeholders were divided into four categories: Local residents, NGOs and individual activists, governmental activists, government employees and hydro project employees. The study uses qualitative methodology involving a document review, participant observation and semi structured interviews.

• More than two thirds of the local respondents (X=27) noted positive economic impacts from the projects. These included benefits from short-term employment and contract work. Three quarters of local respondents (X= 30) cited negative impacts from the projects. Eighty percent of the local residents who were interviewed (X=32) reported negative social impacts from the projects in terms of increased alcohol consumption, compensation money being wasted or misspent, the government doing anything to protect people's right.

• Over all the local residents and non-governmental organizations emphasized adverse social and environmental impacts. Industry respondents emphasized the economic benefits. The government officials were relatively balanced in their perceptions.

Diduck, A. P., Pratap, D., Sinclair, A. J., & Deane, S. (2013). perception of impacts, public participation, and learning in the planning, assessment and mitigation of two Hydroelectric projects in Uttrakhand, India. Land Use Policy , 33, 170-182.

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Review of Literature

• Lata, Rishi, Sharma and Kochar (2013) found out that the education level is very good in the study area with 13.98 % respondents graduates, followed by 16.43 % middle, 16.15 % metric, 15.87% senior secondary and 15.32 % primary respectively.

• In the study it was found that 62.06 % respondents felt that environmental conditions of the area become worse after initiation of HEP and only 10.34 % respondents felt that it is good whereas 27.58 respondents said that there is no change in the environmental condition after HEP.

Lata, R., Kochhar, M. S., & Sharma, R.(2013). Socio economic impact of Sorang Hydroelectric power projects in District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Environment and Earthscience , 3 (3).

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Review

Reference

• Uttrakhand has 98 operating hydropower projects (all sizes) with combined capacity close to 3600 MW.

• More over it is universally true that local communities never get the power from large hydro power projects

• Almost all hydro power projects of Uttrakhand involve deforestation. Deforestation directly increase the potential of erosion, landslides and floods since water now just runs off to the rivers, solid becomes exposed and without any binding that forest provided.

• Issues related to hydro power projects has been identified as projects below 25 MW do not require Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), SIA, public consultation, environment clearance, environmental management plan or monitoring.

Thakkar, H. (2013, August). Uttrakhand: Existing, Underconstruction and propopsed Hydropower projects: How do they add to the disaster potential in Uttrakhand? India.

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Review

Reference

• The study was based on historical analysis.• Eight important causes of development –induced

displacement include water engineering projects ( dams, hydropower projects, and irrigation projects etc.), construction of communication networks, transformation of urban space, deforestation, agricultural expansion, extraction of mineral resources, population redistribution schemes and conservation of natures

• Introduced Two (2) research models - The Elizabeth, Colson- Thayer Scudder four stage models was created in 1980s and Another model named as Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model was developed in the nineties and was given by Michael Cernea.

• Seven basic risks affecting development- induced displaced- “landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, food insecurity, loss of access to common property resources, increased morbidity and mortality, and community disarticulation.

Terminski, B. (2012). Development-induce displacement and human security: A very short introduction. Geneva.

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Review

Reference

• Conducted exploratory interviews from the

selected stakeholders. The researcher took the field survey of five project affected villages which included Nigulseri affected by the Nathpa –Jhakri Project, Chagaon and Urni village affected by the Karcham- Wangtoo Project, Pangi affected by the Kashang Project, and Moorang affected by the Tidong Project.

• The findings of the case study confirm that the 20 per cent respondents were affected by the hydro power projects directly while the remaining 80 per cent were affected indirectly. There is an unfavorable perception and negative attitude towards hydel power projects in Kinnaur district.

Thapliyal, R., & Jreat, M. (2012). Hydroelectric projects and livelihood issue of Tribals- A case study of Kinnaur District of Himalayan State of Himachal Pradesh.

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Review

Reference

• Attempted to assess the impact of continued Mekong Basin Hydro Power development on local livelihoods in the research article.

• The article is based upon the research and analysis of the thesis, “Hydro development and Conflict: The Mekong Basin”.

• Predicted that the altered Mekong hydrology will degrade or diminish a number of the basin’s natural resources such as fish stocks, natural nutrients, agricultural land and forested land, all of which are crucial inputs to either agricultural or fishing. Lower Basin’s sixty million inhabitants rely on these resources for food and economic security.

• Finding: Predicted that continued hydro power development will have a devastating impact on the livelihoods of millions of the basin’s inhabitants.

Pearse-Smith, S. (2012). The impact of continued Mekong basin hydro power development on local livelihoods. The Journal of Sustainable Development , 7 (1), 73-86.local livelihoods. 7 . New Zealand.

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Review

Reference

• Has shown connection between construction of hydro projects and inducing disaster vulnerabilities.

• Stated that construction of hydropower projects involve extensive tunnelling in a geologically fragile landscape, the environmental and social impacts of which are most often underestimated.

• Department of mines and geology and CAG report (2009) also support the fact that establishment of hydropower projects induces vulnerabilities.

• Emphasis that in Sikkim, at least 17 large hydropower projects on the Teesta River and its tributaries have their environmental clearances in place, despite warnings, improper assessments and negotiated conditions

Kohli, K. (2011). Inducing vulnerabilities in a fragile landscape. Economical and Political Weekly , pp. 19-22.

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Review

Reference

• In exploratory research, studied 22 villages by dividing them into 5 researches Chester and 200 respondents in HHPC owned chamera-1 power project was interviewed.

• Devised four point standardized tool i.e. extreme, severe, moderate and natural. Scale was based on different sample variables such as, feeling at the time of displacement or living in the vicinity of reservoir, feelings of the respondents after being displaced, symptoms of traumas indicators of traumas, measures to overcome from the symptoms of traumas measures taken by the respondents to overcome from the feeling of trauma.

• Finding: Resulted considerable amount of trauma to the displaced as well as the people living in vicinity of reservoirs.

• 2* data from various sources show 1, 17,804 families have been displaced because of the construction of only five projects in H.P.

Slariya, M. K. (2013). Hydroelectric Power Generation and human dimension: Pycho- Traumatic analysis of outsees and natives of Chamera-1. International Journal of Research in Sociology and Social Anthropology , 1 (2), 15-25.

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Review

Reference

• Based on secondary data• 25000 MW of hydel potential can be exploited

in the state by constructing various major, medium, small & mini/micro category hydel projects on these 5 river basins. Up to 2011, out of total potential generation capacity, 6728 MW has been harnessed by central & state government agencies and private power developers.

• An advantage of hydro electricity has been seen in the form of low power cost, long economic lives, reduction in pollutants and other uses of the reservoir.

• Disadvantage of hydro electricity has been seen in the form of failure risks of dam, methane emissions and rehabilitation issues

Slariya, M. K. (2013). Hydroelectric power generation: Himachal Pradesh's Perspective. EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies , 3 (5), 192-205.

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Review

Reference

• In term paper, put emphasis on policy issues of hydroelectricity.

• Highlighted many drawbacks and concerns associated with hydro electric dams: loss of land, relocation of animals and humans, change in ecosystems, methane emissions, as well as safety.

• Suggested economic analysis to minimize adverse environmental and social impact .

• Recommended that a formula should be devised to assess what fiscal responsibility the government should employee to reimburse for population relocation, including the loss of ancestral land, impact from ethical and ethical damages.

• Emphasized to have a policy that consider social well being more than economic gain has to be enforce to eliminate this huge social cost.

Commerford, M. (2011). Hydroelectricity: the negative ecological and social impact and the policy that should Govern it. Energy Economics and Policy, ETH . Zurich.

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Review

Reference

• Identified eight performance standards which is need to be managed during construction of HPP, These are: 1)Social & environment assessment and management system 2) Labour and Working conditions 3)Pollution, Prevention and abatement 4)Common health, safety and security 5)Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement 6)Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management 7) Indigenous people and 8) Culture heritage

• Highlighted that Power Grid Company is committed to minimizing Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R) in all its projects by appropriate settings of sub stations (SS) and transmission line (T-lines) to the extent possible; minimizing land acquisition for substation; using govt lands; scheduling project construction work to accommodate crop harvesting; and locating SS away from sensitive areas.

(2012). Power Grid Environment & Social Review Summary. Retrieved on 28 December, 2015 from http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/ProjectDisplay/ESRS31419.

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Review

Reference

• Presented the possible or likely impact of Renuka Hydropower project on Giri tributary of the Yamuna River with capacity of 40MW electricity.

• Reservoir length of the dam will be 24km and 2,200 hectares land will be required for the project. The report envisaged that 37 villages will be affected due to the Renuka Ji Dam project, of which 20 will be submerged. Around 700 families will be displaced. However, EIA report puts their number at 337.

• Case Study :“The government’s offer is a meager Rs. 2.5 lakh per bigha (0.08 hectares) for irrigated land and Rs. 50,000 for wasteland, and said Tomar who grows tomato, ginger and garlic on his five bighas and earns up to Rs.3 lakh per year.

• “How will I sustain my family of 10p” asked Puran Chand of Mohta village another project affected farmer. The compensation will last me a year. There is no provision for a job or land elsewhere.

Kaur, R. (2009, June 30). Water bullying to sink 20 villages. Down To Earth . India.

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Review

Reference

• Based on the case study of three Gorges dam and it describes the socio-economic effects of population displacement from dam development.

• Between 1949 and 1999, the development of some 85,000 reservoirs in China displaced 12 million people (World Commission on Dams, 2000), an average of 240,000 per year. Millions more will be displaced with the completion of the Three Gorges Dam in 2009 and other large hydropower projects in the years that follow.

• Emerging evidence from the three Gorges dam indicates that displaced population are vulnerable to landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, food insecurity, community disarticulation, increased morbidity, loss of community resources, and depression among the displaced residence. In addition, 1300 sites of cultural significance have been lost to the raising water of the Yangtze.

Philip, H. B., Darrin, M., & Li Yin, X. (2008). Socio- Economic vulnerability in China's Hydropower Development.

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Review

Reference

• Conducted hydrological and ecological studies to assess the environmental flows in the Nathpa-Jhakri reach of the Satluj river.

• Satluj River does not directly contribute as source of water for human and animal population, neither for irrigation. Also no cultural or religious activities are directly related to Satluj River in the reach. Several streams and springs have either dried up or discharge has significantly reduced to due to catchment degradation and also due to tunneling operation. The construction of NJHEP has badly affected the water supply of 22 villages.

• Based on hydraulic analysis, the researcher has recommended for maintenance of minimum environmental or water flow release of 7.0 Cumec with velocity about 1 m/s.

Kumar, P., Chandra, U., & Mishra, S. K. (2007, October 22-24). Environmental flows for Hydropower project- A case study. International conference on small hydropower- Hydro Sri Lanka .

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Review

Reference

• Highlighted the challenges being faced by human being in the construction of hydropower projects.

• The WCD found that between 40 and 80 million people have been physically displaced by dams worldwide. AWB review of project between 1986 and 1993 estimated that 4 million people were displaced annually by the 300 large dams. (On average) that were constructed each year.

• Negative social impacts of dams have been described as dispossessions, cultural alienates, health and discrimination.

• Proposed three approaches to reducing the social impacts of large dams. These are as, 1) induced adherence to projected impacts approach, 2) social and economic insurance strategy and 3) Cooperative approach.

Namy, S. (2007). Addressing the Social Impacts of Large Hydropower dams. The Journal of International Policy Solutions , 7, 11-17.

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Review

Reference

• Tried to understand the desire of local people before resettlement.

• Variables like construction of roads, jobs opportunities, advancement of condemnation value and schools are central variables that had the most effect on increasing people’s income and welfare.

• Used standardized Cognitive Mapping Method.• FCM has been defined as a process when the

participants lists the factors that they perceive as important to a particular issue and then draw the causal relationships among these factors.

• A total of 13 cognitive maps were drawn with village and 26 people participated in the research.

• Finding: Education is the most mentioned variables that provides for economic independence and welfare. Construction of roads has been considered to be second most mentioned variables in cognitive mapping.

Ozesmi, U. (2006). Fuzzy cognitive maps of local people impacted by dam construction: Their demands regarding resettlement. arXiv preprint q-bio/0601032.

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Review

Reference

• Presented the process of displacement of people due to the creation of national defence project of coastal Karnataka at Karwar.

• Studied a) socio-economic problems of displaced community b) Studied change and continuity among displaced community and the implications of rehabilitation policy

• Used Multiple Sampling methods. Universe =4444 displaced families

• Findings : At the new place of resettlement, the families lack the feeling of belongingness. The planned efforts of Resettlement and Rehabilitation authorities towards the formation of well planned rehabilitation was failed as the desired of the displaced people to live together along with all the families belonging to their own caste, kin and villager remain unmet. Positive changes were found in pattern of layout and quality of houses in the rehabilitation colonies. Significant changes were also found in terms of disintegration of joint families after displacement.

Mangalekar, R.S. (2006). Development, displacement and rehavbilitation: A Socoilogical case study of Sea Bird Projevct, Karwar. Department of Sociology. Goa University

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Review

Reference

• Discussed stratification, traditions, and culture and livelihood of the Kinnaur community. The people of Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh have traditionally been referred to as Kinner though now the term Kinnauras is also widely used. The Kinnauras may consist of two broad strata, viz (1) The Rajput or Khosias, and (2) The Berus made up of four artisans castes, viz, the lohar, the badhi, the koli and Nangalu.

• The main sources of livelihood for the Kinnauras are mentioned as: a)Animal Husbandry, nomadic and semi nomadic existence b) Agriculture, horticulture, and allied activities c) Employment and daily wage basis in government projects d)Regular government services e) Business f) Weaving and other cottage industries.

Negi, S. S. (2002). Cold Desert In India. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company.

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Review

Reference

• Conducted assessment study resettlement implementation under Nathpa Jhakri hydro power project.

• The projects affected families included 62 families rendered landlessness ( that is those who were left with less than 5 bighas of land after acquisition), 59 families rendered homeless, 87 shopkeepers from Jhakri villages whose shop were acquired .

• The study assessed the impacts in terms of income, occupation, consumption pattern, housing standards, assets and land ownership, and by improving basic amenities in the affected villages etc. The data collected from the sample project affected families clearly showed that the overall living standards of the families have improved due to Nathpa Jhakri Project implementation

Bhati, J. P., Singh, R., & Vaidya, C. S. (2002). Impact assessment of resettlement implimentation under Nathpa- Jhakri Hydroelectric Power project. Agro- economic research centre Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla.

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Review

Reference

• Proposed a set of actions to meet the challenges of public pressure and expectations regarding the environment and social performance of hydro power.

• Reviewed that hydro power projects can be truly sustainable when they “ internalize” (or fully account for ) their environmental and social cost.

• Categorized the challenges confronting sustainable development into four parts: a) coping with ethical dilemma, b) restructuring of the electricity sector, c) legal and regulatory framework and d) comparing power generation options.

• Identified some social acceptability of future hydro power projects as a) Project goals be clearly stated b) Project result in net social development gains c) Affected communities become project beneficiaries both in the short and long term through revenue or equity sharing.

Klimpt, J. E., Rivero, C., Puranen, H., & Koch, F. (2002). Recommendations for sustainable hydro electric development. Energy Policy .

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Review

Reference

• Studied social , economic and political factors determining the development of the project and resettlement and rehabilitation outcome of project affected people.

• Conducted comparative case study of two (2) reservoir projects (Rengali Multi-purpose project in Dhenkanal district and upper Kolab Multi-purpose project in Korapuram district)

• cluster sampling method was used to select sample villages (2 villages from each cluster) on the basis of phases of submergence of villages and displacement of the people. Then the households within the selected villages were selected by stratified random sampling method.

• Used 6 sources for 1* and 2* data as given by Yen• observation holds that weaker the socio-economic and

political condition, higher the risk of impoverishment; and stronger the socio-economic and political condition, higher the chance of getting benefits out of development project

Jojo, B.K. (1998). Socio-economic and political factor determining resettlement and rehabilitation outcome of displaced people. Department of Socxial Work. Tata Institute of social Science (TISS), Deonar, Bombay.

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Review

Reference

• studied about the advantages and disadvantages of the dams.

• more than 25 million persons have been displaced since 1950 on accounts of developments projects. Less than fifty percent of them have been rehabilitated. The rest are pauperised in the process of development of which 40% are tribal (Jain2001).

• Concluded that rehabilitation of the affected people had received least priority in the development domain of the state. Land resources are getting depleted along with water resources.

• On these two depleting resources, the entire society sustains today and will depend more in the days to come. The tribal population along with other backward classes has been the victims of development projects during the last five decades.

Barik, B.C. (2005). Dams and displacement: who fills the bellies of oustees. Man and Development.xxvii(1)

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Reference

• Highlighted the causes of displacement and consequences of displacement.

• Categorized displacement as a) Displacement due to political instability, b) displacement due to conflicts, c) Displacement due to development projects, d) Displacement due to natural calamities.

• In India, nearly 2.3 crore people have been displaced due to various project and most of them belong to schedule caste and schedule tribes.

• In India, 50 million people are estimated to have displaced in the last 50 years, by development projects and man- made disasters and natural of one kind of another, but subsequently not more than one fourth of them could be assisted to find their way to economic recovery.

• The U.N.H.R Guidelines on Development based Displacement(1997) reaffirmed that, “all persons, group and communities have the right to suitable resettlement which includes the right to the alternative land and housing which is safe, secure, accessible, affordable and habitable”.

Diduck, A. P., Pratap, D., Sinclair, A. J., & Deane, S. (2013). perception of impacts, public participation, and learning in the planning, assessment and mitigation of two Hydroelectric projects in Uttrakhand, India. Land Use Policy , 33, 170-182.

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Review

Reference

• Included economic, environmental, and nutritional and health status as 04 major developmental indicators for measuring the level of living

• Conducted structured & un-structured interview for data collection

• 8developmental projects included three irrigation sector (Gujarat Medium Irrigation Projects-2, Maharashtra composite irrigation project-3 and Upper Krishna Irrigation projects-2) and five energy sector (coal mining in Madhya Pradesh, Singrauli Super Power Thermal Plant, Singrauli Coal Mining Projects and Upper Indrāvati Hydroelectric Power Project)

• Used multistage sampling method• Used statistical test for analysis of data• Findings: Health status of project affected

families was not proportional to their socio-economic and social development.

Ramaiah, S. (2000). Impact of involumentary resettlement on level of livings. In H. M. Mathur, & D. Marsden, Development Projects and Impoverishment risks: Resettling project affected people in India (pp. 93-109). Oxford University Press.

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Reference

• Discussed that how the Sardar Sarovar Dam in India is a case of development project which causes environmental displacement on Massive Scale.

• This occurs through eviction and indirectly through the impairment of livelihood by environment changes.

Laurie, U. F. (1997). Sardar Sarovar Dam: A case study of development induced environment displacement.

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Reference

• Presented the case for a national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation. The first argument for a national policy is the need to ensure a minimum standard of living for the displaced and to protect them from avoidable impoverishments. The second consideration need to be given to government accountability. In the case of projects involving more than one state, a third consideration is the need to avoid “free riding” on the part of individual states. A fourth issue is that of project delays and cost overruns due to inadequate resettlement.

• Provided the basis of different principles and approaches often used in policy proposals including 1) cash compensation, 2) the land-for-land principle, 3) the standard of living approach; and 4) the bargaining approach.

Goyal, S. (1996). Economic perspectives on resettlement and rehabilitation. Economic and Political Weekly , 31 (24), 1461-1467.

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Reference

• Assessed the nature and attitude of change induced by development projects among the families displaced in UKP in Karnataka and JN port in Maharashtra .

• Development projects induce displacement of tribal and other people from their ancestral habitats and cause large scale loss of their traditional occupations.

• Well planned and judiciously executed development project have been instrumental in their faster economic growth of the nations, they have often proved to be painful (Parasuraman 1993 a, b; Fernandes et.al., 1992, Thukral, 1992, Cernia, 1990).

• Conducted Case study to know the pre-displacement economic conditions of the families and past- displacement economic condition of families.

• Findings: Impact of displacement was negative for a large proportion of affected families.

Parasuraman, S. (1995). Development Project and Displacement: Impact on families. The Indian Journal of Social Work , 195-210.

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Reference

• Critically examined the three claims 1) hydro power generation is ‘clean’ 2) water flowing freely to ocean is ‘wasted’, and 3) local residents (usually aboriginals) will benefit from the development

• The case history information from Canada about the Lake Winnipeg Regulation and Churchill River Diversion (LWR/CRD) in Manitoba, and La Grande River Development (LGRD) in Quebec reveals that these hydro electric development has directly affected local residents in terms of their relocation, encroachment by outsiders on the traditional territories of the aboriginal population, harvest disruption (permanent impairment of the economic, social and cultural life of aboriginal communities) and problem of mercury contamination in water reservoir.

Rosenberg, D. M., Bodaly, R. A., & Usher, P. J. (1995). Environmental and social impacts of large hydro electric development: who is listening? Global Environmental Change , 5 (2), 117-148.

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Research Gap• Most of these studies (Conducted by Cernea, Asher, Negi &

Bhattacharya, Sexsena, Lata et al and others) were limited to social, economical and environmental aspects of small and large scale hydro power projects. Very few studies (conducted by Salaria and Ozesmi ) are available on the other issues such as psychological issues, rehabilitation and resettlement issues etc.

• None of these studies talk much about the provisions of resettlement and rehabilitatation package available for project affected people either at district, state or central level under any particular policies and Acts.

• Hardly any studied suggested intervention strategies for addressing the rehabilitation and resettlement problems of PAF

• Barely, study on compensatory issues of project affected issues was covered by any of the reviewed studies.

• Level of well being of project affected people was also not covered in the any of the studies reviewed.

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Rationale of the study• Due to the lack of awareness, human rights of the project affected people are

being violated due to heavy construction of hydropower projects at the cost of economic loss to tribal. As the projects affected peoples are agitating for their rights, to know the socio-economic impact of hydropower projects is the need of hour.

• The earlier studies do not focus much on the socio-economic status of the project affected people due to hydroelectric projects in Himalayan region. The proposed research work will try to assess the socio-economic changes, describe the socio-economic status, and find out the extent of intervention done in the form of compensation and intervention needed by the project affected peoples. The proposed research work will be useful in filling up the existing knowledge gap about the various issues of hydroelectric projects.

• It is expected by research work will reveal the various issues (such as impacts; and rehabilitation and resettlement issues) of project affected people at grass root level and will find out the solution for the well being of project affected peoples. It is also expected by the researcher that social work intervention at micro, mezzo and macro level can play important role in addressing the problems of project affected peoples.

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