PERCEPTION

Objectives of The Chapter

To Understand : Meaning of Perception Perception process sensation Vs perception Perception Errors conclusion

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Perception

MEANING OF PERCEPTION

The Process by which we come to know the world around us…An individual’s window to the world.

Perception may be defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in which he lives.

“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS

AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

Any movement you see is an illusion!

The Perceptual Process1.Sensation

An individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment.

2.Selection The process a

person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.

3.Organization The process of

placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for “storage.”

4.Translation The stage of the

perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.

Perceptual process

Receiving Stimuli

(External & Internal)

Selecting StimuliExternal factors : Nature,

Location , Size , contrast,Movement , repetition , similarity

Internal factors : Learning,Needs , age , Interest,

Organizing Figure Background ,Perceptual Grouping

( similarity, proximity,closure, continuity)

Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping,

Halo Effect, Projection

ResponseCovert: Attitudes ,

Motivation,Feeling

Overt: Behavior

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

SENSATION It is the activity of the senses. A state of emotional excitement.

TWO FACTORS IN ORDER FOR SENSATIONTO OCCUR:1. There must be a stimulus.2. There must be receptors that are

sensitive to the stimulus.

Sight

Smell

Hearing

Feeling

Taste

All five senses are……………….All five senses are……………….

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

• Sensation is gathering info from the environment via your senses.

• Perception is understanding what is being sensed!

What do we call it when there is a mismatch between sensation and perception – when we misinterpret the info?

Perceptual errors

The perceptual process may result in a person making errors in judgement or understanding of another person. The most common types of perceptual errors are:Accuracy in judgment Perceptual defenceStereotypingThe halo effectProjectionRole of culture

Perceptual errors

Accuracy in judgment Similarity error – assuming that people who are

similar to us ( in terms of background, interests and hobbies) will behave like us.

Contrast error – comparing people to others rather than to some absolute standard.

Overweighting of negative information – a tendency to overreact to something negative.

Race, age, and gender bias – tendency to be more or less positive based on one’s race, age, of sex.

First-impression error – forming first impressions that are resistant to change.

Perceptual error Perceptual defence

The tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations that are threatening.

o Stereotyping The belief that all members of a specific group share

similar traits and behaviours. o Halo effect

A tendency to colour everything we know about a person because of one recognizable favourable or unfavourable trait.

o Projection tendency to see one’s traits in others.

o The role of culture – Culture influence our perception in selecting information

and exhibiting a behavioural pattern in situations

CONCLUSION

The Inferential System has its mysteries, but we can also know a lot about it. This chapter discussed how it works automatically (does not need prompting or direction from conscious) and how it combines evidence from all of the sensory modalities. There was also ample evidence for the idea that we are conscious of just the conclusions from the Inferential System and cannot introspect into its processing.

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