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Pathophysiology of urinary system
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM
MED PREPJ.J. NELSON RN
URINARY SYSTEM TERMS
OLIGURIA ANURIA INCONTINENCE URINARY RETENTION ENURESIS MEATAL STENOSIS
UTI Urethritis, and Cystitis Extremely common Most infections are ascending Women are anatomically more
vulnerable Etiology: E.coli and other bacteria
UTI (cont.) S&S: Urinary urgency, frequency, dysuria,
incontinence, pelvic or low back discomfort, cloudy urine
DX: Clinical picture & UA (clean-catch) with C&S. Possible cystoscopy
TX: Antibiotics to correspond with sensitivity; increase fluid intake; teach to wipe front to back, avoid bubble bath and nylon underwear.
Animation of UTI
Health Animations - Diseases and Conditions - Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
RENAL CALCULI (Urolithiasis) Kidney stones are formed by the
concentration of various mineral salts. (Calcium, magnesium or uric acid)
Frequently asymptomatic unless obstruction occurs
S&S with blockage or infection there is sudden severe pain in the flank area, urinary urgency, hematuria & fever. Straining urine can collect “stones”.
There are calcific densities in both kidneys that correspond to the location of the calyces. These form a cast of the right upper pole calyces.
Renal Calculi cont. Etiology: unknown, but a hereditary
tendency and past history is common DX: history, UA (+ blood and/or RBC’s)
renal ultrasound, IVP (or intravenous urogram)
TX:Pain relief during eval. Drink plenty of fluids and strain urine. Lithrotripsy or surgical removal of large stones.
Depending on the lithotripter used, the patient is submerged in warm water in a very large specially designed bathtub. High resolution x-ray system and digital fluoroscopy assist in properly positioning the patient so the kidney stone receives the strongest impact of shock waves created by a special electrode. These shock waves are created outside the body and then travel through the skin and tissue until they hit the dense stone. The procedure is complete once the stone is in sandlike particles.
LITHROTRIPSY
Acute Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of glomeruli May be primary or develop
secondary to a systemic disease Etiology is usually post beta-
hemolytic strept. infection. (1-2wk) The injury to the glomeruli results in
increased capillary permeability and protein and RBC’s enter Bowmans Capsule
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis cont.
S&S: Flank pain, urine is dark and cloudy (due to proteinuria, hematuria), edema, decreased urine volume, HTN (due to increase renin secretion)DX: Clinical history,exam UA, elevated BUN, Sed Rate, KUB and/or USTX: Antibiotic, diuretics, Na restricted dietPX: Only 10% result in chronic glomerulonephritis = ESRD
PYELONEPHRITIS Inflammation of renal pelvis and
connective tissue of kidney Etiology: ascending infection (E-coli),
or calculi providing stasis of urine and resulting infection
S&S:rapid onset of fever, flank pain, N&V,H/O S&S of UTI, foul odor to urine, hematuria, pyuria.
Pyelonephritis cont. DX: Clean catch UA reveals WBC’s,
RBC’s, & protein. Urine C&S identifies the bacteria. X-Ray studies reveal kidneys that appear enlarged.
TX: IV antibiotics, increased fluids, PX: Chronic pyelonephritis causes
insidious damage with areas of obstructive scar tissue that promote continued infection and eventually renal failure.
Notice the enlargement of the right kidney
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE CRF loss of nephrons with irreversible
loss of kidney function and uremia. Stages progress from decreased
glomeruli filtration, to insufficiency (significant retention of urea and creatinine in blood) to ESRD (uremia)
Result of infection e.g. glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or polycystic kidneys
CRF Continued
S&S: All body systems will show effects.Early signs
weak, lethargicHTN & edema result from fluid retentionPolyuria and nocturia
As kidneys fail,uremic signs appear oliguria peripheral neuropathy CHF & arrhythmias At terminal stage: Uremic frost on the skin and urine odor to breath Systemic infections such as pneumonia
CRF Cont.
DX: Blood test show elevated BUN, serum creatinine
Decreased H&H.Grossly abnormal UAKUB, Renal US, kidney scans, IVP, renal
arteriogramTX: Complicated with multiple system involvement. Evaluation for kidney transplant and/or dialysis
In hemodialysis, the blood is allowed to flow, a few
ounces at a time, through a special filter that removes
wastes and extra fluids. The clean blood is then returned to your body. Removing the harmful wastes and extra
salt and fluids helps control the blood pressure and keep
the proper balance of chemicals like potassium
and sodium. It requires the patient to have
hemodialysis treatments three times a week for 3 to 5 or more hours each visit.
In Peritoneal Dialysis, a soft tube called a catheter is used to fill the abdomen with a dialysis solution. The peritoneum, allows waste products and extra fluid to pass from your blood into the dialysis solution. The solution contains a sugar called dextrose that will pull wastes and extra fluid into the abdominal cavity. These wastes and fluid then leave the body when the dialysis solution is drained. This treatment takes about 30 to 40 minutes. A typical schedule calls for four exchanges a day. Different types of PD have different schedules of daily exchanges.
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