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Letter: a written or printedsign representating a sound used in speech.
e.g. “B” is the second latter of alphabet
Word: a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of a language.
e.g. “table” is word has meaning a piece of furniture consisting of aflat top supported on one or more legs.
Clause: a group of words that includes subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of sentence.
e.g. He often visits Spain because he likes the climate
Sentence: a set of words expressing a stateement, question or a command. It consist of minimally Subject and verb
e.g. He often visits Spain because he likes the climate
Paragraph: a distrinct section of a piece of writing.e.g.
Essay: a piece of writing, usually short no any one subject.
Text: the main written or pointed part of a book or page, contrasted with notes, illustration
Come back and ave a look the box which is orange.
P
A
N
C
A
V
I
P
PRONOUN
ADJECTIVE
NOUN
CONJUNCTION
VERB
INTERJECTION
PREPOSITION
ADVERB
is classification of words to show the character andfunction in every single sentence.
Pronoun: a word used in place of a noun or noun phrase,e.g. I, you, we, they, he, she, it.
Adjective: a that indicates quality of person or thing referred to by noun,e.g. Big, small, clever, stupid, handsome, beautiful, ugly, bad.
Noun: a word used the name or identity any of class of things, people, places or ideas, or particular one of these.e.g. Johny, Berlin, heart, song.
Adverb: a word that adds more information about place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree,etc to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.e.g. Speak kindly, just in time, too quickly, incredibly..
Conjunction: a word used the name or identity any of class of things, people, places or ideas, or particular one of these.e.g. Johny, Berlin, heart, song.
Preposition: a word or agroup of words used before noun or pronoun to show place, position, time, or method,e.g. In, from, to, out of, on behalf of, etc.)
Verb: a word or phrase indicating an action, an event,or a state.e.g. Put, bring, come.
Interjection: a word or phrase used to express sudden surprise, pleasure, annoyance, etc.e.g. Oh!, Hurray!, or Damn!.
Personal pronoun
Subject Pronoun
Possesssive Adjective
ObjectPronoun
Reflexive Pronoun Possessive Pronoun
I My... Me Myself Mine
You Your... Your Yourself/selves Yours
We Our... Us Ourselves Ours
They Their... Them Themselves Theirs
He His... Him Himself His
She Her... Her Herself Hers
It Its... It itself Its
I read my book for me myself because this book is mine
You read your book for you yourself because this book is
yours
Etc.
e.g
Demonstrative Pronoun
e.g. This, that,
these, those, the...
Relative Pronoune.g. Who, whom, whose, when,
where, that.
Interrogative Pronoune.g. What, who, why, when,
where, which, whose, whom, how.
Reciprpocal Pronoune.g. Each
other, one
another.
Definite Pronoune.g. The other(s).
Indefinite Pronoune.g.
All, any, both, each, either, ot
her(s), another, few, many, m
ore, neither, none, some, some
one/thing, anyone/thing, one,
ones, half.
Determiner
Articles
Demonstrative
Adjective
Possessive
Adjective
Numeral
Adjective
Adjective of
Indefinite
Quality
Relative and interrogative
Adjective
The, a, an
From pronouns:
my, your, etc
From nouns:
tom’s, the
girl’s, etc
This;
plural these
That;
plural those
Cardinal:
One, two,three.
Ordinal:
First, Second.
Some, few, all, any, mo
re, etc.Whose, thet, which, etc.
Descriptive
Adjevtive
Quality Character
Size
Age Temperature
Participle
Shape
Colour
Origin Location
Beautiful
Big
Old
Neglected
Square
Red
Jamaican
Descriptve AdjectiveNoun Adjective
Determ
iner
Quality C
haracter
Size
Age T
emp
erature
Prticip
le
Sh
ape
Co
lour
Origin
Lo
cation
Material
No
un
Particip
leN
oun
The beautifu
l
big old neglecte
d
squar
e
re
d
Jamaican stone plantation house
s
Those are the examples of Adjective
Noun
Alteration(s-P)
Form
Regular Plural Noun,eg. Book-books, class-classes, city-cities, etc.
Irregular Plural Noun,eg. Child-children, dantum-data, man-men, woman-women, etc.
Summaries
Countable Noun (can be counted),eg. Chair, book, pen, car, glass, spon, plate, etc.
Unountable Noun (cannot be counted),eg. Water, sugar, salt, fire, sand, etc.
Abstract Noun
Quality- kindness, bravery, etc
Action- movement, behavior, etc
State- childhood, youth, sickness, etc
Science, profession- economics, etc
Concrete Noun
Common- country, boy, mountain, etc
Proper- America, Surabaya, John, etc
Material- honey, gold, iron, rice, etc.
Collective- audience, club, group, etc.
Conjunction
Words that join into sentence
I went to bed earlier because I was extremely tired
ClauseClauseConjunction
Sentence
Conjunction not only join slauses together, they also show how the meanings of the two clauses are relatedWe bought the food and they suplied the
drink.
She was poor but she was honest.
We can go swimming, or we could stay here.
People dislike her because she was so rude.
I’ll phone you when I arrive.
Addition
Contrast
Alternative
Cause
Time
Conjunction
Co-ordinating Conjunction
e.g. And, but, or
Sub-ordinating Conjunction
e.g. Because, when, that, which
A part of the other clause.
Independent of each other.
Based on the meaning.
Conjunction
Simple Conjunctione.g. And, or, but, after.
Correlative
Conjunctione.g. Both...and...
Not only...but also
Prticipial Conjunctione.g. Supposing...
Provided...
Phrasal
Conjunctione.g. As if,as soon as,
in order that.
Meaning
Adverb of place, e.g here, there, in the clss, etc
Adverb of time, e.g
yesterday, now, tomorrow, etc
Adverb of manner, e.g seriously, by
train, well, etc
Adverb of intensifying
Adverb of degree, e.g so, too, very, entirely, etc
Distingiushing Adverb, e.g especially, only, etc
Function Sentence Adverb, e.g actually, evidently, etc
Conjunctive Adverb, e.g nevertheless, therefore, etc
Explanatory Adverb, e.g namely, for example, etc
Exclamatory Adverb – how
Relative, interrogative Adverb,
e.g when, where, how, etc
Complement
Linking Verbe.g. To be (is, am, are), feel.
Transitive Verbe.g. Call, read, write, keep.
Inransitive Verbe.g. go, run, sleep, cry.
Reflexive Verbe.g. Shave, dress, concentrate, hurry.
Auxliary Verbe.g. To be, do(es), did, have(s).
Note: We sometmites found
verb that belongs to tran-intran
verb
Form
P R E S
E N T
S t u d
y
L i s t
e n
Wa t c
h
A c c o
m p a y
L o v e
Wa l k
Wr i t
e
G o
H o l d
T e a c
h
S e e
P A S T
S t u d i
e d
L i s t e
n e d
Wa t c h
e d
A c c o m
p a i e d
L o v e d
Wa l k e
d
Wr o t e
We n t
H e l d
T a u g h
t
S a w
F e l t
C u t
P A S T -
P A R T I C I
P L E
S t u d i
e d
L i s t e
n e d
Wa t c h
e d
A c c o m
p a i e d
L o v e d
Wa l k e
d
Wr i t t
e n
G o n e
H e l d
T a u g h
t
P R E S E N T -
P A R T I C I
P L E
S t u d y i
n g
L i s t e n
i n g
Wa t c h i
n g
A c c o m p
a y i n g
-
Wa l k i n
g
Wr i t i n
g
G o i n g
H o l d i n
g
T e a c h i
Note: the changing called “regular-irregular Verb”
Interjection
Kinds of Interjection Functions
Hurray! Happiness
Bravo! Agreement
Hush! Attention
Pshaw! Unpatient
Alas! Sadness
Heigh-ho! Bordem
Fie! Fie! Reproach
Damn it! Anger
Free Preposition
Preposition Function (time) Example
On Followed by days On Sunday,.....
Follwed by date On July 27th 1989
In Followed by month
In March, in January,....
Followed by year In 2002, in 2011,...
At Followed by time At 7 o’clock, at 8.45
Preposition Function (place) Example
On Up of something Your pen is on the table.
In Inside of something Vina is in her room a whole day.
At Around of something He is sitting at the garden.
Bound Preposition
Prepositions that must be brought into line follow thw words
before.
He was angry with me last night.She always jealous of my friends.
John is different from Benno.Is she interested in me?I agree stronglu with you.
Don’t forget to smile at every body you meet.Are you afraid of ghost?
Finsha is clever at Mathematics.My mom hopes I’m successful in my bussiness.
Murphy, Raymond, English Grammar in
Use, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,
1994
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English, Fifth Edition, Oxford University
Press, Jonathan Crowther, New York, 1995
Schrampfer Azar, Betty, Understanding and
Using English Grammar, Second Edition, prentice-
Hall, Inc, 1992
Slamet, Hadi, S.Pd, Fundamentals of
PANCAVIP, Kediri, 2007, Beswan Media Press
Kediri, 2011.
Swan, Michael, Practical English Usage,
Third Edition, Oxford University Press, New York,
2005
Tata, Muhtadi’in, S.Pd, Gren Module,
Kediri, 2009, Self-Circle, 2010