Bioaccumulation – Increase conc toxins in body Build up- does not break easily

Xenobiotics

Biomagnification – increase conc toxin as it moves through food chain (lower to higher trophic level)

Drug – penicillin

Chemical found in organism which are not normally present (foreign) Not produced naturally, only by synthetic process

PCB DDT

Non polar xenobiotic diffuse /store in fat Can be modify/detoxify in liver and removed.

Bisphenol A

Food chain

Bioaccumulation mercury Bioaccumulation vs Biomagnification

Dioxin

Chemical found in organism which are not normally present (foreign) Not produced naturally, only by synthetic process

Xenobiotics

Drug – penicillin PCB DDT Bisphenol A

Acts as xenoestrogen

Dioxin

Xenoestrogen – chemical mimic female estrogen Hormone disrupting (endocrine disruptor) Interfere with hormonal (endocrine sys)

Endocrine system

Source BPA

Burning chlorine based sub Incinerators Production PVC chlorinated pesticides

Production capacitor/circuit board

Polycarbonate is burned BPA leached out

Source Dioxin Source PCB

polycarbonate

BPA

estrogen xenoestrogen

Chemical found in organism which are not normally present (foreign) Not produced naturally, only by synthetic process

Xenobiotics

Drug – penicillin PCB DDT Bisphenol A Dioxin

Source BPA

Burning chlorine based sub Incinerators Production PVC chlorinated pesticides

Production capacitor/circuit board

Polycarbonate is burned BPA leached out

Source Dioxin Source PCB

polycarbonate

BPA

Source DDT

- DDT endocrine disruptor - Carcinogen (persistent organic pollutant)

- Odorless organochloride known for insecticidal property - DDT bio accumulate bird, magnify in food chain concentrate in top predator

- Stored in body fat, DDT, resistant to metabolism - Control mosquito – malaria and typhus among civilian/ troop.

Biodegradable substance

Amelioration - Respond to xenobiotics

Approach to lessen problem/improve outlook

Host/guest – non bonding interaction Supramolecule complex – Non covalent Ionic /H2 /VDF / hydrophobic interaction

H + G → H-G

Host – trap guest

Host – cage/tube to trap guest Guest- Xenobiotic – drug/molecule/radioactive

Guest - Xenobiotic

Host guest chemistry (Supramolecule)

Click here OXO biodegradable

Breakdown by natural process

Plant based HYDRO biodegradable plastic

Petroleum based OXO biodegradable plastic

- Made from starch (starch based polymer) - Initiated by hydrolysis with water produce CO2/CH4

From oil – cobalt used as catalyst for breakdown Plastic doesnt just fragment, but consumed by bacteria after catalyst (cobalt, nickel) has reduced its molecular structure to a level which permit bacteria to break it down to CO2/H2O

1 2

3 Bioremediation

Waste management using organism to remove/neutralize pollutant from contaminated site. Microbes/bacteria to breakdown oil with enzymes

removal/immobilization inorganic ions

Polyester – polylactic ester breakdown easily(ester bond)

Green chemistry

Prevention Better to prevent waste than treat/clean up waste after it has been created.

Atom Economy Synthetic mtd design to max incorporation of

all material used in final product.

Sustainable chemistry Chemistry for environment

Use research/engineering to minimize production/waste release to environ

12 principles

Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses Synthetic mtd design to use sub that possess little/ no toxicity to human health/ environment.

Designing Safer Chemicals Chemical product design with minimum toxicity.

Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries Solvent, separation agent should be

made unnecessary wherever possible

Design for Energy Efficiency Energy used chemical process is minimized. Synthetic mtd conduct at ambient temp/press

Click here Green Chemistry

Renewable Feedstocks Feedstock should be renewable

rather than depleting

Reduce Derivatives/steps Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking group) should be minimized,

such step require additional reagent generate waste

Catalysis Catalytic used are specific to the reactants

Design for Degradation Chemical product break down naturally,

products do not persist in environment.

Safer Chemistry Accident Prevention Sub use must minimize potential for accident, explosion, and fire.

Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention Real-time, in-process monitoring/control prior to the formation of hazardous sub

Atom economy

%100tan..

...%

treacmassmolar

productmassmolareconomyatom

Cal atom economy production of CH2 = CHCI

CH2CICH2CI → CH2 = CHCI + HCI

Mr reactant = (2 x 12) + (4 x 1) + (2 x 35) = 98.96 Mr product = ( 2 x 12) + (3 x 1) + (1 x 35) = 62.50

%2.63%10096.98

50.62.% economyatom

2 synthetic route to produce C4H2O3

Which is more efficient in term of atom economy

2C6H6 + 9O2 → 2C4H2O3 + 4H2O + 4CO2

2C4H10 + 7O2 → 2C4H2O3 + 8H2O

%100...

....%

productallmassmolar

productdesiredmassmolareconomyatom

%15.44%100.444

.196.% economyatom

%63.57%100340

196.% economyatom

Route 2 prefer

4CH3OH + 2CO + O2 → 2(CH3O)2CO + 2H2O

Cal atom economy production of (CH3O)2CO

Mr reactant = (4 x 32) + (2 x 28) + 32 = 216 Mr product = ( 2 x 90) = 180.18

%3.83%100216

18.180.% economyatom

Measure efficiency in Green Chemistry

No indication waste produced

Maximize atoms in reactants into product Efficient process- Atom economy ↑ High – less waste ↓

Percentage Yield

or

Product 62.50 Reactant 98.96

Product 180.18 Reactant 216

2C6H6 + 9O2 → 2C4H2O3 + 4H2O + 4CO2

All Product 444

Product 196

%100...

....%

productallmassmolar

productdesiredmassmolareconomyatom

2C4H10 + 7O2 → 2C4H2O3 + 8H2O

All Product 340

Product 196

1

2

1

2

kgmass

mass

4

6

102.1

2400100

105

ppm

kg

kg

1

%101

%100)120(

)102.1(

4

4

Mass DDT in 2400kg fish

1 ppm – 1 x 10-4 % 0.05 ppm – 5 x 10-6 %

DDT in fish

Mass DDT in 120kg eagle

Eagle consume 2400 fish in a year. DDT in fish – 0.05ppm (1 ppm – 10-4 %)

Find conc DDT in eagle. Mass fish = 1 kg

Mass eagle = 120 kg

Bear consume 10kg fish in a day. PCB in fish – 0.02ppm (0.02ppm – 2 x 10-6 %)

Find conc PCB in bear over 5 yrs Mass bear = 600 kg

0.05 ppm 1ppm 20X Higher

PCB in bear

0.02 ppm – 2 x 10-6 %

Mass fish in in 5 yrs 5 x 365 x 10 = 18260kg fish

Mass PCB in 18260 kg

kgmass

mass

4

6

1065.3

18260100

102

Mass PCB in 600 kg bear

ppm

kg

kg

6.0

%106

%100)600(

)1065.3(

5

4

0.02 ppm 0.6ppm 30X Higher

Describe role starch in biodegradable plastic Plastics have high starch content, absorb water and swell, causing plastic to

break into small pieces that can be broken down by bacteria.

Explain why plastic, such as PVC is non biodegradable PVC cannot be broken down through microbial action as it contain

C–Cl bond . No enzymes capable of breaking this bond

State 3 ex enzymes, helping to ameliorate environmental problem Break down oil spills Break down some plastics Break down biological detergents

Click here Atom economy IBUPROFEN

Click here Green chemistry solvent choice