OHM’S LAWBy: Mr. Augosto M. Directo

Voltage, Current and ResistanceVoltage is the amount of energy per charge

move electrons in one point to another in a circuit. It is measured in volts (v)

Current is the rate of charge flow and it is measured in amperes (A). Its unit is (I).

Resistance is the opposition of current and it is measured in ohms ( )W

DC Current vs. AC Current The current from a

battery is always in the same direction.

One end of the battery is positive and the other end is negative.

The direction of current flows from positive to negative.

This is called direct current, or DC.

DC Current vs. AC Current If voltage alternates, so

does current.When the voltage is

positive, the current in the circuit is clockwise.

When the voltage is negative the current is the opposite direction.

This type of current is called alternating current, or AC.

Series and Parallel CircuitIn a series circuit , the current through each

of the components is the same, and the voltage across the components is the sum of the voltages across each component.

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component.

Series Vs. Parallel Series Circuitso A series circuit is a circuit in which the current

can only flow through one path. o Current is the same at all points in a series circuit

Parallel Circuits In contrast, in a parallel circuit, there are multiple

paths for current flow. Different paths may contain different current flow.

This is also based on Ohms Law

Total resistance will be less than the smallest resistor

In Series circuit; the total current is equal Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3

V total = V1 + V2 + V3

In Parallel Circuit; the total voltage is equal1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 Rtotal R1 R2 R3 Rn

I total = I1 + I2 + I3

By Analogy: Series Vs Parallel

ER2R1

I

ER1

R3

R2

I1

I3

I2

Advantages of parallel circuitsParallel circuits have two big advantages over

series circuits:1. Each device in the circuit sees the full battery voltage.2. Each device in the circuit may be turned off independently without stopping the current flowing to other devices in the circuit.

Ohms LawStates that the voltage is directly

proportional to the current in the circuit.It is discovered by the German Physicist

George Simon Ohm.Ohm’s law is:

V = IR , I = V/R, R= V/I

Unit Modifiers for ReferenceSmaller Deci = 10-1

Centi = 10-2

Milli = 10-3m Micro = 10-6 Nano = 10-9

Pico = 10-12p Fento = 10-15

LargerKilo = 103kMega = 106

Giga = 109

Tera = 1015

Series Circuit AnalysisExample #1A 4v battery is placed in a series circuit with

a 2 resistor.

What is the total current that will flow through the circuit?

I = ?

24v

SolutionGiven:V = 4vR = 2 I = ?

I = V/R = 4v/2 I = 2A

Example#2

A 110v supplies a load with a resistance of 3,5, and 7 respectively, find the current in the circuit?

I = ?110v

3

7

5

SolutionGiven:V= 110 vR1 = 3

R2 = 5R3 = 7I = ?Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 I = V/R

= 3 + 5 + 7 = 110/12 = 12 = 9.17 A

Parallel Circuit AnalysisExample # 3 A 220v is connected in parallel with the load.

It has a resistance of 5ohms and 10ohms. Find the Total current and the I1 and the I2

220v 5 10

SolutionGiven:

V=220vR1 = 5

R2 = 10I1 = V/ R1 I2 = V/ R2

= 220 / 5 = 220 / 10

= 44 A = 22 ART = R1 R2 / R1 + R2 IT = V / RT

= (5 x 10) / 15 = 220/3.33 = 3.33 = 66.06A

Example #4Find the total voltage and the total resistance

of the load if the total current is 15A and it has a R1 of 6 ohms and R2 of 2 ohms.

V=? 6 2IT =15

SolutionGiven:

R1 = 6

R2 = 2 IT =15 ART = R1 R2 / R1 + R2 VT = IT / RT

= (6 x 2) / 8 = 15 A x 1.5 = 1.5 = 22.5 v

I1 = V/ R1 I2 = V/ R2

= 22.5 / 6 = 22.5 / 2

= 3.75 A = 11.25 A

Electric Power, AC, and DC ElectricityThe watt (W) is a unit of power.

Power is the rate at which energy moves or is used.

Since energy is measured in joules, power is measured in joules per second.

One joule per second is equal to one watt.

Power in electric circuitsOne watt is a pretty small amount of power. In everyday use, larger units are more

convenient to use. A kilowatt (kW) is equal to 1,000 watts.The other common unit of power often seen

on electric motors is the horsepower.One horsepower is 746 watts.

Formula of Power Power (watts) P = VI

Voltage (volts)

Current (amps

Example # 5A light bulb with a resistance of 1.5Ω is

connected to a 1.5-volt battery in the circuit shown at right.

Calculate the power used by the light bulb.

SolutionGiven:

V = 1.5vR = 3

I =V / R P = V I = 1.5 / 3 = 1.5 x 0.5 = 0.5 A = 0.75 watts

Paying for electricityElectric companies charge for

the number of kilowatt-hours used during a set period of time, often a month.

One kilowatt-hour (kWh) means that a kilowatt of power has been used for one hour.

Since power multiplied by time is energy, a kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy.

One kilowatt-hour is 3.6 x 106 joules.

Exercises:I. Identification:Direction: Identify the following questions.1. It is the amount of energy per charge move

electrons in one point to another in a circuit. It is measured in volts?

2. It is a type of current which the current from a battery is always in the same direction?

3. It is the opposition of current?4.It is the rate of charge flow?5. It is the rate at which energy moves or is used?

6. One horsepower is equivalent to how many watts?7. In series circuit the total _______ is equal /the same.8. In parallel circuit the total _______ is equal/the

same.9. A circuit where the voltage across each of the

components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component.

10. It States that the voltage is directly proportional to the current in the circuit.

11. A circuit where the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the components is the sum of the voltages across each component.

12. Ohm’s Law is discovered by whom a German Physicist.

13. what does kwh means?14. How many joules are there in a kwh?15. The other common unit of power often

seen on electric motors is?II. Problem Solving:1. A 115 volt is connected in parallel with the

load. It has a I1 3 A and R2 15 ohms. Find the IT and the RT.

I1115v I1 = 3A

15

2. Resistors 1, 2 ,3 has a resistance of 4 , 8 and 12 are connected in series with a total current of 25 A. Find the total voltage and the V1 , V2 , V3.

3. A motor has a voltage of 220 volts and a resistance of 35 . Find the current and the power.

V1VT = ?4

8 12

IT = 25A

Key AnswersI. Identification1. voltage2. direct current3. resistance4. current5. power6. 746watts7. current8. voltage

9. Series Circuit10 Ohm’s Law11. Parallel Circuit12. George Simon Ohm13. kilo watt hour14. 3.6 x 106 joules15. horsepower II. Problem Solving1. Given: V = 115 v R2 = 15

I1 = 3A

R1 = V / I1 I2 = V/ R2 RT = R1 + R2 IT = V/ RT

= 115/ 3 A = 115/15 = 15 + 38.33 = 115 / 53.33

= 38.33 = 7.67A = 53.33 = 2.16A

2. Given: R1 = 4 R2 = 8 R3 = 12 IT = 25A

V1 = IT R1 V2 = IT R2 V3 = IT R3

= 25 x 4 = 25 x 8 = 25 x 12

= 100 v = 200v = 300v

RT = R1 +R2 +R3 VT = IT RT

= 4 + 8 + 12 = 25 x 24

= 24 = 600v

3. Given:V= 220vR = 35 ohmsFind: I? P?

I = V/R P = V I = 220 / 35 = 220 x 6.29 = 6.29A = 1382.86 watts

Thank YouGod Bless