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Obesity in Germany
Introduction
Obesity is a widespread phenomenon.
It has doubled since 1980.
In 2008 more than 1.4 billion adults (>20y) were overweight
Definition: abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.
Obesity is based on the BMI or Body Mass Index
Overweight is a Body Mass Index greater than or equal to 25, a Body Mass Index greater than or equal to 30 is obesity.
The 2009 results of the German Federal Statistics Office:
Every second German is overweightEvery sixth is actually obese.
Health implications are enormous◦Higher risk to develop a multitude of
comorbidities Type2 diabetes mellitus Coronary heart disease Some cancer types
Evolution
1980Mean BMI
25.4
1985
25.7
1990
25.9
1995
26.3
2000
26.7
2005
27.0
2008
27.2
Causes
Most people consume more calories than they burn.
Eating too much and exercising too little.
Many other factors
Age: ◦As you get older, your body’s ability to
metabolize food slows down.Gender:
◦Men have a higher resting metabolic rate.Genetics:
◦Obesity related genes could affect how we metabolise food or store fat.
◦Not destined to be obese, you have a higher risk.
Environmental factors: ◦Closely related to nutrition an physical activity.
Physical activity: ◦Active individuals require more calories than
less active ones to maintain their weight.Illness:
◦Hormone problems may slow down metabolism
MedicationPsychological factors:
◦Many people eat in response to negative emotions.
InitiativesTo lower the obesity rate in Germany
The government:◦2007: shocking study showed the severity of
the obesity problem in Germany
◦2008: German Government developed 21 initiatives to improve living in Germany
=> Initiative 14 concerns obesity
14a Health and nutrition Living more healthily for longer Premature mortality (cases of death per 100,000 residents under 65) men Reduction to 190 cases per 100,000 by 2015
14b Premature mortality (cases of death per 100,000 residents under 65)
women Reduction to 115 cases per 100,000 by 2015
14c Proportion of adolescents who smoke (12- to 17-year-olds) Decrease to under 12% by 2015
14d Proportion of adults who smoke (15 years and older) Decrease to under 22% by 2015
14e Proportion of obese people (adults, 18 and older) Reduction by 2020
2008 -> 2020 = 12 years to reduce the obesity rate in Germany
30 000 000 Euros
List of initiativesEducation on healthy eating and physical
activity;Tougher standards on school food
programs;Better product labeling by the food
industry;Reduced advertising by the makers of
sweets and junk food that target children;
Typical German Food
FIT instead of FAT campaign
Improving the quality of food offered in schools and hospitals;
Encouraging children to participate in physical activity.
German Politics seem to be aware of the problem.
But if we are honest; they don’t seem to take that much action to really adress obesity, which is a big risk to public health…
Consequenses
METABOLIC SYNDROME◦Central obesity◦Reduced HDL-cholesterol◦Raised blood pressure◦High fasting blood sugar
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II
LEADS TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE !!!
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ◦Heart attack ◦Coronary artery disease (angina pectoris)◦Stroke – TIA◦Peripheral artery disease (claudicatio
intermittens)
CANCER◦Hormone related cancers such as breast,
endometrium, ovary, cervix and testicles◦Also : pancreas, colon, rectum, kidney
GALLSTONES ◦3 to 5 times more often than in non-obese
people (especially women)◦Often painless◦Can cause gallstone attacks, acute
inflammation of the gall and of the pancreas
HIATUS HERNIA AND INFLAMMATION OF THE OESOPHAGUS
LUNG FUNCTION – RESPIRATORY DISEASE◦Asthma : obesity increases risk by 50 % ◦Obstructive sleep apnea : 50 % – 75 % are obese
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS◦Arthritis : knee and hip ◦Obese patients account for one-third of all joint
replacement operations ◦Lower back pain, lower limb pain
REPRODUCTION ◦Women
PCOS Increased risk of early and late miscarriage Gestational diabetes Preeclampsia Complications during labor and delivery Slightly increased chance of bearing a child with
congenital anomalies Correlation between increasing BMI and problems
with arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction
◦Men BMI > 35 -> low sperm count and poor sperm
motility Erectile dysfunction increases with increasing BMI
◦Chronic kidney disease◦Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease◦Alzheimer’s disease (risk is increased by 42
%)
References
http://www.minurses.org/files/files/Nursing%20Practice/CE_Obesity.pdf http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbookdemography/overweight.html Zelissen, Pierre. Obesitas en overgewicht : oorzaken, gevolgen en behandeling.
Davidsfonds Leuven, 2003. Daansen, Peter. Leven met obesitas. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2005. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-consequences/
health-effects/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/484768_2 http://trialx.com/curetalk/2011/03/gout-clinical-trials-treatments-research-sites/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
