Nutrition in animals

Nutrition in AnimalsNutrition – A basic need

2Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne

1 Different types of Animals – A brief Introduction• 1.1 Flowchart• 1.2 Food Intake

2 The food chain

3 Dietary categories• 3.1 Dietary categories

4 Why do animals require nutrition?• 4.1 Balanced diet

• 4.1.1 Obesity• 4.1.2 Malnourishment

• 4.2 Essential Nutrition

5 The digestive system• 5.1 Digestion• 5.2 Continuation

Contents

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6 Modes of Digestion• 6.1 Intracellular Digestion• 6.2 Extracellular Digestion• 6.3 Digestive Systems in Different Animals• 6.3.1 AVES • 6.3.2 REPTILIA• 6.3.3 MOLLUSCA

7 Nutrition• 7.1 Nutrition and digestion chart

8 Modes of Nutrition• 8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition• 8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition• 8.3 Examples • 8.4 Composition

9 Conclusion

Thank you

Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne

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1 Different types of Animals – A brief IntroductionAnimalia

Pisces

Reptilia

Mammalia

Nematoda

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Amphibia

Aves

Nutrition in Animals – Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne

1.1 Flowchart

Fig 1.1

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1.2 Food Intake

Porifera •Bacteria•Plankton

Arthropoda •Insects•Other insects

Mammalia •Meat•Vegetables

Reptilia •Chicken•Waxworms


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• Bug larvae• BacteriaNematode• Small Animals• AlgaeMollusca• Other Fish • PlanktonPisces• Worms• Small AnimalsAves• Worms• FliesAmphibia


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2 The food chain


Fig 2.1

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3 Nutrition Based Division of Animals

• Animals eat whenever they get the opportunity.

• The categories of their diets are :


Animals

OmnivoresEx : Humans

HerbivoresEx : Cows

CarnivoresEx : Bengal tiger

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3.1 Nutrition Based Division of Animals

Ex : Humans, Bears, RaccoonsOmnivores• Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals or even algal

matter

Ex : Cows, Hares, Gorillas Herbivores• They are animals that mainly eat autotrophs, i.e. Plants

Ex : Sharks, Snakes, Lions, TigersCarnivores• They are animals that eat other animals and meat


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4 Why do animals require nutrition?

• Animals are heterotrophs that require food for various reasons. Three of them are :


Chemical EnergyFuel

•The cells in the body require energy to work. Nutrition provides the energy required for cellular action to take place.

BiosynthesisBone Growth

•Bone cells grow rapidly during the growth of an animal. Nutrition provides energy for Biosynthesis in which the carbon cells make new cells.

Ready-made formNutrients

•Animals cannot make all the nutrients required all by itself using raw materials. These nutrients are fed to the animal in a readymade form.

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4.1 Balanced diet

• It is important to consume the right amount of nutrition or calories.

• Consuming too much can lead to Obesity.

• Consuming calories less than the required amount can lead to Malnourishment.


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4.1.1 Obesity• Obesity is the result of

excessive consumption of Nutrients or calories, especially fats and cholesterol.

• Obesity is a growing problem in Humans. It is important to control it for a healthy living.

• Instead of using the excessive fat cells, the body stores it.


Fig 4.1 Obese lab rats

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4.1.2 Malnourishment

• Malnourishment is the result of deficiency of calories

• It is important to consume enough nutrition for the body to function properly.


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4.2 Essential Nutrition

Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish TembhurneFig 4.1

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5 The digestive system

• Digestion begins in the mouth where food is

chewed with the teeth. The process stimulates

exocrine glands in the mouth to release

digestive enzymes such as salivary amylase,

which aid in the breakdown of food, particularly

carbohydrates. Chewing also causes the release

of saliva, which helps condense food into a

bolus that can be easily passed through the

oesophagus.


5.1 Digestion

Fig 5.1

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5.2 Continuation

• The food enters the stomach upon passage

through the cardiac sphincter. In the stomach,

food is churned and thoroughly mixed with a

digestive fluid, composed chiefly of hydrochloric

acid, pepsin and mucus ,to further decompose it

chemically for a few hours. As the acidic level

changes in the stomach and later parts of the

digestive tract, more enzymes are activated or

deactivated to extract and process various

nutrients.Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne

Fig 5.2

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6 Modes of Digestion


6.1 Intracellular DigestionIntracellular Digestion takes place in the cytoplasm of an organism. This type of nutrition is observed in Amoeba and Paramecium

Fig 6.1

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6.2 Extracellular Digestion

• In this type of digestion, digestion takes place outside the cell.

• It takes place either in the lumen of the digestive system or the gastric cavity or other digestive organs, or even outside the body

• It is found in annelids, arthropods and vertebrates


Fig 6.2

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6.3 Digestive Systems in Different Animals

• 6.3.1 AVES

• Birds have no teeth so digestion does not begin in the mouth, all of the food

breakdown must occur within the digestive system. Food enters through the

mouth where it passes down the oesophagus into the crop. This organ is

where the food is stored and begins to soften. From here it moves into the

stomach, which churns the food and makes it more simpler to digest.

• The food moves into the intestine, first into the small intestine and then

onto the large intestine. At the point where the small and large intestine

meet are two pouches or caeca, which absorb the water from the food. The

food becomes harder and enters into a chamber called the cloaca. It then

passes out of the body through a lining called proventriculus.


Fig 6.3

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6.3.2 MOLLUSCA• The mollusc digestive system has millions of microscopic hair

like fibres along the main digestive tract and has several

divisions for the different organs. The first section contains

the mouth and oesophagus and is the site of the initial

breakdown of food. There is a specialised file like radula

found in the mouth, which acts like teeth or a tongue in the

food breakdown. In many molluscs the stomach has a flexible

rod, which is made up of mucus and proteins in a crystalline

structure. This secretes the digestive juices and enzymes and

acts as a kind of stirring stick, mixing up the stomach

contents to aid digestion. The final section of the digestive

tract contains the intestine and anus, from which the waste is

removed.


Fig 6.5

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7 Nutrition

• There are six major classes of nutrients

carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins,

vitamins, and water.

• Nutrition is the process of breaking

down food and substances taken in by

the mouth to use for energy in the body.

• All these components are essential for

living animals for their everyday work


Fig 7.1Nutrition sources

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7.1 Nutrition and digestion chart


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8 Modes of Nutrition• Modes of nutrition mean methods of procuring food or obtaining food by

an organism.

• All the organisms do not obtain their food in the same way.

• Different organisms have different methods of procuring food or obtaining food. In other words, organisms differ in their modes of nutrition


Mode of nutrition

Autotrophic

Heterotrophic

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8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition


• In autotrophic nutrition, the organism synthesizes its own food from the inorganic

raw materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings by using the

sunlight energy.

• Organic material (food) is made from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and

water by utilizing the sunlight energy. The green plants have an autotrophic mode of

nutrition. The autotrophic bacteria also obtain their food by the autotrophic mode of

nutrition (though most bacteria are not autotrophic). The organisms having

autotrophic mode of nutrition are called autotrophic organisms or just autotrophs.

• Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are

called autotrophs.

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8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition • In heterotrophic nutrition, the organism cannot make its own food from the inorganic raw

materials like carbon dioxide and water, and uses the food made by autotrophic organisms

directly or indirectly. Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism

cannot make its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and

depends on other organisms for its food.

• A heterotrophic organism is a consumer which derives its nutrition from other organisms. That

is, a heterotrophic organism has to eat other organisms for its nutrition. All the animals have a

heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Most bacteria and fungi also have heterotrophic mode of

nutrition. The organisms having heterotrophic mode of nutrition are called heterotrophic

organisms or just heterotrophs.

• Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon

dioxide and water, and depend on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs.


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8.3 Examples

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs


Fig 8.3

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8.4 Composition

Fats Protein Carbohydrate Other0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Nutrition composition in a regular diet


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9 Conclusion

• There is a diversity in animals and each type of animal intakes different type of food to satisfy their nutrition requirements.

• Not all animals gain nutrition from the same source.

• Different animals require nutrition in Various amounts.

• Therefore, Animal Nutrition is a basic need.


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Presentation by

Jaideep Nalwade

Prathamesh Chavan

and Nimish Tembhurne

Sinhgad Public School , Kamalapur


THANK YOU

Education

Nutrition in animals