NON FINITE CLAUSEFOR STRUCTURE IN CONTEXT

-BY-NUR NADHIRAH NASUHA BINTI

ROZAIMINIK AFRINA NABILA BINTI NIK

ISMAILSAYUMI NAKAMURA

Introduction

O A nonfinite clause cannot function as a main clause and cannot stand on its own.

O It is sometimes described as a reduced clause.

O It may serve as a subject, or a complement to a verb, a noun or a preposition

EXAMPLES　O I had something to eat before leaving.OAfter having spent six hours at the

hospital, they eventually came home. OThe person to ask about going to New

Zealand is Beck.OThe boy located in the back got the

teacher’s attention.OSpeaking in class is what he does

best.OHe could go to the pool by bus.

FUNCTIONSOTo speak in class is difficult for

some children. (subject)

OHe loves to participate in class discussions. (verb complement)

OSpeaking in class is what he does best. (subject)

OHe dislikes sitting quietly. (verb complement)

OPrepared students excel in class. (pre-modifier)

OStudents encouraged by their teachers do well. (post-modifier)

TYPE OF NON FINITE CLAUSE

OThere are five categories of non finite clauseOPRESENT PARTICIPLEOPAST PARTICIPLEOTO-INFINITIVEOBARE INFINITIVEOGERUND

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

OPresent participle : verb /+ ing

OPresent participle ends with -ing and represents an action that is going on or incomplete.

EXAMPLESOWe met a girl carrying a basket of

flowers. O I heard my dad going up the stairs.OMy mother is the lady wearing the red

hat.OThe singing bird was the main

attraction of the event.OThe blind man, thinking all was save ,

tried to cross the road.

PAST PARTICIPLE

OPast participle use third form of verb and is usually ends in -ed, -d, -t,-en or -n.

OIt indicates about the completion of task in past.

EXAMPLESOHe gave a written complaint.OShe showed us a plate of scones

crammed with cream.ODo not waste your time staring at a

closed door.OThe candidate selected for this post is

my brother. ODriven by hunger, she stole an apple.

INFINITIVE

OTo-InfinitiveOBare Infinitive

TO-INFINITIVEOPreceded by ‘to’OFor example I. I need to run every day.II. To dance was her passion.III. Give him an ornament to

polish.IV. The officer returned to help.

Functions of To-InfinitiveONounsHe likes to hunt.I need to go to sleep.To read is good for the mind.To summarize a report is helpful to some people.Jeff needs to study harder and to get to school on time.

OAdjectivesI need a volunteer to take the minutes.I don’t have time to eat.After breaking his leg, Dave had many obstacles to overcome.The teacher has a long teaching plan to make.Determination to win will bring the team success.

OAdverbsI am going to the store to buy a 100-watt light bulb.The bus driver sounded his horn to warn the walkers.Eager to get home, Jack left from the hospital early in the day.Our neighbor, Jack Jones, returned home to recuperate from the heart attack.

BARE INFINITIVEONot preceded by ‘to’OFollows modal verbs(Eg: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, or would)OAlso follows other verbs (Eg: feel, hear, help, let, make, see, and watch)OAfter rather, better and had betterOCommand sentences

EXAMPLESOModal Verbs (can, could, may, might,

must, shall, should, will, or would)

He can speak English.He should go home.They might finish by Wednesday.You must take a break.After the success of Windows 95, Microsoft could outsell any competitor.

OOther verbs (feel, hear, help, let, make, see, and watch)

We heard her sing.Mark helped his friend finish.I watched them bake the bread.She noticed him run away from the house.I saw you peep through the window of the teaching staff room.

OCommand sentences

Be careful.Arrange the icons.Adjust the speaker volume.Shut down the system.Debug the program.Display the date.Click on the Find button to start the search.Select the appropriate programming language.

GERUNDS

ONoun VerbOEnd with –ingOEven though all gerunds end with the suffix -ing, not every word which ends -ing is a gerund.

EXAMPLESOActing is fun.OI hate running.OBackstabbing people is exciting.OKilling is a crime.ORunning the tap will clear the air

pocket.OOne of his duties is attending

meetings.OMy father decided against postponing

his trip to Hungary.

FINITE VS NON FINITEFINITE NON FINITE

Indicate person, number and tense

Does not indicate person, number and tense

Have a definite relation with the subject and can be changed according to tense

Do not change but remain constant with the change in tense or number or person

Types:Present Tense Past Tense

Types:Present ParticiplePast ParticipleInfinitiveGerund

Example:I spoke to Joan last night.He plays football every evening.

Example:I have spoken to Joan about it.Playing football is what he does every morning.