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Presentation 1 for the 2014/15 HSC season
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Human Rights Part 2 of the Core - (1) Nature of Human Rights
Human Rights: Themes and
Challengesthe changing understanding of the relationship between state sovereignty and human rights
issues of compliance and non-compliance in relation to human rights
the development of human rights as a reflection of changing values and ethical standards
the role of law reform in protecting human rights
the effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in protecting human rights
These are very important when it comes to assessment time!
Its all about the themes and challenges
This is what the syllabus says...
Hint: Main Syllabus Points, learn these as you go through this topic
Where Will Human Rights be tested in the
HSC?5 Multiple Choice
Questions
Hint: At the end of each presentation there is a series of MC questions
15 Marks of Short Answers
Definition of Human RightsHuman Rights are entitlements that we deserve to enjoy simply by virtue of our humanity
Human rights are designed as universal, inalienable (cannot be taken away) and inherent in all people
Hint: Don’t confuse rights (entitlements) with Duties (obligations)
A legal philosophy that argues there is a law above human law to which all humans are subject.
In Ancient and Medieval times it was called divine(religious) law
Natural Law Doctrine
Human Rights in the World
Modern human rights law
1. UN Charter
Hint: The charter comes up in human rights and world order
2. Universal declaration of human rights 1948
The conventions
Developing Recognition of Human Rights
Forced labour where a person is considered to be property of another. Debt slavery was used in history as a form of punishment for crime
Transatlantic Slave Trade – European ships trading products for slaves to be used into USA. Est. 12million Africans forced into slavery during 17th and 19th century
Slavery is banned under Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Slavery still exists in Australia (sex industry)
CASE: Wei Tang 2006
1. The Abolition of Slavery
Slavery in the Modern Age
Developed during the Industrial Revolution due to poor working conditions, lack of safety and long working hours
Many laws were made to stop workers forming unions
Labour rights protected in UDHR 1948 article 23 and 24 and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Workers rights face challenges still today in the Middle East and Asia
2. Trade Unions and Labour Rights
Dubai: Workers Rights
Migrant Worker’s Rights
Suffrage – the legal right to vote in a democratic election. At first voting was only given to men with larger land ownerships.
Suffragettes were people who supported giving voting rights to women. New Zealand (1893) was first, followed by South Australia (1894)
Aboriginal voting rights were established in 1967
Voting rights recognised in UDHR 1948 in article 21
3. Universal Suffrage
Education was only available for the wealthy and powerful.
Education was given through the church – Sunday Schools
The rise of the industrial revolution produces a need for a literate and educated society
Recognised in UDHR 1948 article 26 and under United Nations Millennium Development Goals for 2015
4. Universal Education
Universal Education
Education is heavily protected in australia
The main legislation is the Education Act 1990 (NSW)
Theme and Challenge Timethe development of human rights as a reflection of changing values and ethical standards
Exam Tip: when answering short answer question it is important to back your writing up with an example
A collective right - group of people to govern themselves without influence or pressure from another country
Breaking up of empires to nation states (decolonisation)
More recent issue involving indigenous populations
Recognised under UN Charter article 1
5. Self Determination
Hint: Collective Rights are different than Individual Rights
Colonised by Portugal in the 16th Century until 1975
Shortly after East Timor declared its independence but then it was invaded by Indonesia
In 1999, the UN backed East Timor’s Self Determination and became a sovereign state in 2002
Case Study : East Timor (Timor Leste)
East Timor Issues Today
Rights are under control of humans for a safe and healthy world
Rights just not for current generation but future generations
Recognised under the Stockholm Declaration 1972, The Kyoto Protocol 1997 and the UN Climate Change Conference 2009 Copenhagen
6. Environmental Rights
Movement in 20th century from war to peace
Established through the development of United Nations
Recognised under the UN Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace 1984
Peace under international law is balanced against the right to self defence
7. Peace Rights
Hint: These Rights are linked to non-legal responses in World Order
Modern human rights law created due to the aftermath of WW1 and WW2(Holocaust). Here is a list of human rights development:
Magna Carta 1215 – freedom of movement and due process of law
English Bill of Rights 1688 – right for parliament to make laws
Treaty of Westphalia 1648 – development of sovereign state concept
American Declaration of Independence 1776 – right to live own life
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789
International Bill of Rights (UDHR 1948, ICESCR 1976, ICCPR 1976)
UN Conventions 20th Century
Formal Statements of Human Rights
How International Law is Linked
International Bill of Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1948
International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (ICCPR)
1976
International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights ( ICESCR) 1976
Unified declaration (soft law) between member states of the United Nations
Contains 30 articles covering human rights.
Arguably the most important human rights document
Forms the basis of International Customary Law
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
UDHR 1948 - 30 Articles
Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR Speech
Approved in 1966, ratified 1976 – received little support by USA and USSR.
Main rights include:
equality between men and women the right to life freedom of movement fair trial and presumption of innocence freedom of thought, conscience, speech, religion and assembly Right to marry and children to be given special protection Right to vote and ensures ethnic minorities the right to enjoy their own cultures.
2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1976 (ICCPR)
ICCPR MAP
In 2010, the ICCPR has been widely ratified, with 165 state parties.
However, there are some notable exceptions – China, Nauru and Cuba have signed but have not ratified into domestic law.
USA (1992) has signed and ratified but still have many reservations to some articles – freedom of speech, Capital punishment, in some matters of children crime treated as adults
Countries that have not signed or ratified ICCPR – Burma, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and Singapore
Theme and Challenge TimeIssues of compliance and non-compliance in
relation to ICCPR
Exam Tip: If you have time, underline all legislation, cases, media articles, treaties and other documents in your exam
Death Penalty 2013
Approved in 1966 and came into force in 1976
Rights include labour rights – just conditions, fair wages and the right to join trade unions.
Adequate standard of living, adequate food, clothing, housing and health care.
Finally the right to education – stating primary education should be compulsory and free for all
3. International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
ICESCR MAP
International Covenants 1976
In 2010, ICESCR has been widely ratified, with 160 state parties
The USA has signed ICESCR in 1979 but never ratified it. South Africa has done this also.
Notable countries that have not signed or ratified ICESCR include Burma, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia
Theme and Challenge TimeIssues of compliance and non-compliance in
relation to ICESCR
Hint: Compliance is a very important word in Legal Studies
Magna Carta 1215
revisionThe International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights deals with the right to participate in the democratic process, including:
freedom of speech and religion and the right to vote freedom from unfair arrest and detention and the right to a fair trial freedom of association and the right to join trade unions.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights deals with rights to basic living standards, including:
access to food, housing, work, social security, education and health; and fair wages and safe working conditions
Human Rights:Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following best describes the right to universal suffrage?
(A) A collective cultural right (B) A collective economic right (C) An individual political right
(D) An individual moral right
Correct Answer
(C) An individual political right
2. Which of the following is an essential feature of a human
right?
(A) It is universal. (B) It is collective.
(C) It is recognised by a court. (D) It is recognised by the state.
(A) It is universal.
Correct Answer
3. Which of the following can best provide for the protection of human
rights?
(A) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(B) The existence of the rule of law in a particular country
(C) The existence of universal suffrage in a particular country
(D) The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Correct Answer
(B) The existence of the rule of law in a particular country
4. What is meant by the term universal suffrage?
(A) The right of all adults to vote freely at
elections (B) The right of a government to determine
who can enter its country (C) The right of all people to have basic human rights and be free from suffering
(D) The right of an accused person to remain silent when questioned by the police
(A) The right of all adults to vote freely at elections
Correct Answer
5. Which of the following is NOT a widely recognised element of human rights?
(A) Human rights are inalienable.
(B) Human rights are culturally specific. (C) Human rights have universal application. (D) Human rights are all of equal importance
(B) Human rights are culturally specific.
Correct Answer
6. Which of the following is a collective human right?
(A) Self-determination
(B) Trade unionism (C) Universal education (D) Universal suffrage
(A) Self-determination
Correct Answer
7. Which of the following gives the best international recognition to an
individual’s human rights?
(A) Treaties (B) Natural justice
(C) State sovereignty (D) The International Court of Justice
(A) Treaties
Correct Answer
8. What is universal suffrage?
(A) The right to vote (B) The right to education
(C) The right to join a trade union (D) The right to legal representation
(A) The right to vote
Correct Answer
9. Which of the following statements is true in relation to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights?
(A) It is enforced in NSW (B) It was written by the Security Council (C) It documents the entitlements of all
individuals (D) It is incorporated into the Australian
Constitution.
(C) It documents the entitlements of all individuals
Correct Answer
10. Which of the following groups might seek self-determination?
(A) Asylum seekers
(B) Non-government organisations (NGOs) (C) Indigenous peoples within a nation-
state (D) Individuals with grievances against a
state
(C) Indigenous peoples within a nation-state
Correct Answer
11. The country that first adopted equal female
suffrage was:
(a) Australia (b) New Zealand
(c) Great Britain (d) the United States
(B) New Zealand
Correct Answer
12. A national government bans all forms of public protest by an environmental
group. What is being denied by the government?
(A) Civil and political rights
(B) The right to self-determination (C) Environmental and peace rights
(D) Economic, social and cultural rights
(A) Civil and political rights
Correct Answer
13. Which of the following is NOT a feature of human rights?
(A) They are inherent. (B) They are universal.
(C) They are enforceable. (D) They are inalienable.
(C) They are enforceable.
Correct Answer
14. The UDHR :
(a) was adopted in 1945 (b) is soft law
(c) only deals with crimes committed in wartime
(d) no longer has any legal standing in international law because it has been
superseded by the ICCPR and the ICESCR
(b) is soft law
Correct Answer
15. :What is the main aim of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?
(A) To protect the educational needs of people
(B) To protect the cultural wellbeing of people
(C) To protect people in regards to their basic needs
(D) To protect people from arbitrary use of power by governments
(D) To protect people from
arbitrary use of power by
governments
Correct Answer
Human Rights:Short Answers