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naming ionic and covalent compounds
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Naming CompoundsNaming Compounds
What's in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet."
- William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (II, ii)
• We can determine the formula of a compound by completing Lewis diagrams or via “valence”
• Valence is “the number of electrons an atom must gain, lose, or share to complete its octet”
• For representative elements valence starts at 1 (1), climbs to 4 (4) and falls back to 1 (7)
• By knowing the valence of elements you can determine the formula of compounds
• E.g. what compound would form from C + S?Step 1 - write valences: C4S2
Step 2 - cross down valences: C2S4
Background: valences and formulas
Step 3 - simplify formula: CS2
Ionic compounds (metal with 1 valence)
Rules for naming• Names end in -ide. Example: sodium chloride• Metal (+ ion) comes 1st (not chlorine sodide)• Use the group valence for nonmetals• Do not capitalize the compound unless starting a
sentence
Give formulae & name: Ca + I, O + Mg, Na + S= Ca2I1 = CaI2 = calcium iodide
= Mg2O2 = MgO = magnesium oxide= Na1S2 = Na2S = sodium sulfide
a) Al + Br b) K + Sc) Zn + O d) Mg + N e) C + Clf) Cu + O
Write the correct formula for these
AlBr3
K2SZnOMg3N2
CCl4CuO or Cu2O
Learning Check
Complete the names of the following binary compounds:
Na3N sodium ________________
KBr potassium ________________
Al2O3 aluminum ________________
MgS _________________________
Multiple valence: Latin naming• When the metal in an ionic compound is multi-
valent there are 2 methods: Latin or IUPAC• Latin is older (not useful for some compounds)• As before, the name ends in -ide & + is first• The metal is named with it’s Latin or English
root and ends in -ic or –ous to denote valence• E.g. Cu1 is cuprous, E.g. Cu2 is cupric• Lower = ous, Higher = ic (lower & higher charge)• Give formulas and Latin names for:
Cu2 + Cl = Cu2Cl1 = CuCl2 = Co2 + Cl = Co2Cl1 = CoCl2 =
For latin naming: know rules, remember Hg is an exception, do not memorize Latin names
cupric chloridecobaltous chloride
Element(valence)
Englishname
Latin Name Highervalence
Lowervalence
Metals that have and use latin namesCu (1,2) Copper Cuprum Cupric CuprousFe (2,3) Iron Ferrum Ferric FerrousPb (2,4) Lead Plumbum Plumbic PlumbousSn (2,4) Tin Stannum Stannic Stannous
Metals that do not have latin namesCo (2,3) Cobalt - Cobaltic CobaltousCr (2,3) Chromium - Chromic ChromousMn (2,3) Manganese - Manganic Manganous
Metals that have latin names but use english rootHg (1,2) Mercury Hydrargyrum Mercuric Mercurous
• Name ends in -ide, positive/metal comes first
• The valence (charge) of the metal is indicated
in brackets using roman numerals
• E.g. Cu1 is copper(I), Cu2 is copper(II)
• Numbers refer to charge not to #s of atoms
Multiple valence: IUPAC naming
a) Cu2+Cl b) Zn2 + Cl c) Co2+Cld) Hg+S (do both)
a) Cu2+Cl = Cu2Cl1 = CuCl2 = copper(II)chloride
b) Zn2+Cl = Zn2Cl1 = ZnCl2 = zinc chloride
c) Co2+Cl = Co2Cl1 = CoCl2 = cobalt(II) chloride
d) Hg+S = Hg1S2 = Hg2S = mercury(I) sulfide
d) Hg+S = Hg2S2 = HgS = mercury(II) sulfide
Write the correct name and formula
Learning Check
Complete the names of the following binary
compounds with variable metal ions:
FeBr2 iron (_____) bromide
CuCl copper (_____) chloride
SnO2 ___(_____ ) ______________
Fe2O3 ________________________
Hg2S ________________________
• Groups of atoms can also have valences• “Polyatomic ions” are groups of atoms that interact as a single unit. • E.g. OH1, (SO4)2. • Ba3(PO4)2 =
Compounds containing polyatomic ions• So far we have given valences to single atoms
Li + O Li1O2 Li2O
barium phosphate• Naming compounds with polyatomic ions is
similar to naming other ionic compounds• You should note that compounds with polyatomic
ions have names ending in -ate or -ite not -ide• Note that most are negative, except ammonium
Naming with Transition Metals
Name Balanced Ion Pairs
Formula
Lead (IV) Hydroxide
Iron (III) Carbonate
Copper (II) acetate
Naming with Transition Metals
Name Balanced Ion Pairs
Formula
Lead (IV) Hydroxide
Pb+4 + 4(OH-)
Iron (III) Carbonate
2Fe+3 + 3CO3-2
Copper (II) acetate
Cu+2 + 2C2H302
-1
Naming with Transition Metals
Name Balanced Ion Pairs
Formula
Lead (IV) Hydroxide
Pb+4 + 4(OH-) Pb(OH)4
Iron (III) Carbonate
2Fe+3 + 3CO3-2 Fe2(CO3)3
Copper (II) acetate
Cu+2 + 2C2H302
-1 Cu(C2H302)2
Write the name
a) Ca(OH)2
b) Cu(SO4)
c) NH4(NO3)
d) Co2(CO3)3
a) Calcium hydroxideb) Copper (II) sulfatec) Ammonium nitrated) Cobalt (III) carbonate
Naming covalent compounds• -ide ending, each element has “prefix”1 mono
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
7 hepta
8 octa
9 nona
10 deca
• prefix refers to # of atoms - not valenceN2O4 = dinitrogen tetroxide
• Exception: drop mono for first elementCO2 = carbon dioxide
• The first vowel is often dropped to avoid the combination of “ao” or “oo”.
CO = carbon monoxide
(monooxide)SO2= sulfur dioxide (doxide)
• Name: CCl4, P2O3, IF7
P4O10= tetraphosphorus decoxide
Write and name the following covalent compounds (IUPAC)
carbon tetrachloride
diphosporus trioxide
iodine heptafluoride
CCl4
P2O3
IF7
For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com