Musculoskeletal

Athlete Athlete ManagementManagement

Musculoskeletal systemMusculoskeletal system


The skeletonThe skeleton

Functions of the skeletonFunctions of the skeleton

The skeleton has four basic functionsThe skeleton has four basic functions Support the organs and tissuesSupport the organs and tissues Protection for the internal organsProtection for the internal organs Attachment for the muscles to allow Attachment for the muscles to allow

movementmovement Storage site for blood cells and mineralsStorage site for blood cells and minerals

Structure of the skeletonStructure of the skeleton

There are 206 bones in There are 206 bones in the skeleton. It is the skeleton. It is grouped into two grouped into two components.components.

Axial skeletonAxial skeleton• The skullThe skull• The spineThe spine• The thorax (ribs)The thorax (ribs)

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton• The shoulder girdleThe shoulder girdle• The arm and handThe arm and hand• The leg and footThe leg and foot

Types of bone tissueTypes of bone tissueThere are two main types of bone There are two main types of bone

tissuetissue Compact boneCompact bone

• Heavy, dense, strong bone. Covers Heavy, dense, strong bone. Covers the complete bone and is thickest in the complete bone and is thickest in the shaft.the shaft.

Cancellous boneCancellous bone• Honeycomb appearance. Strong Honeycomb appearance. Strong

and hard, less dense than compact. and hard, less dense than compact. Found mainly in the ends of bones Found mainly in the ends of bones where they form joints.where they form joints.

Types of bonesTypes of bones

Long bonesLong bones Humerus, tibia, radius, Humerus, tibia, radius,

phalangesphalanges Short bonesShort bones

Carpals and tarsalsCarpals and tarsals Flat bonesFlat bones

Skull, ribs, pelvis and Skull, ribs, pelvis and shoulder bladesshoulder blades

Irregular bonesIrregular bones Facial bones and Facial bones and

vertebraevertebrae

Anatomical terminologyAnatomical terminology

Superior – toward the headSuperior – toward the head Inferior – toward the feetInferior – toward the feet Anterior – frontAnterior – front Posterior – backPosterior – back Medial – toward the midlineMedial – toward the midline Lateral – toward the sideLateral – toward the side Proximal – near the trunkProximal – near the trunk Distal – further from the trunkDistal – further from the trunk Prone – face downProne – face down Supine – face upSupine – face up


The articular (joint) systemThe articular (joint) system

Types of jointsTypes of joints

FibrousFibrous Occur where bones are united Occur where bones are united

by intervening fibrous tissue eg by intervening fibrous tissue eg skull and pelvisskull and pelvis

CartilaginousCartilaginous Occur where bones are united Occur where bones are united

by intervening cartilage eg by intervening cartilage eg between vertebrae, between ribs between vertebrae, between ribs and sternumand sternum

SynovialSynovial Are the most mobile and Are the most mobile and

common joints eg knee, shouldercommon joints eg knee, shoulder

Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints Hinge jointHinge joint

Allows only back and forth movement such as Allows only back and forth movement such as bending and straightening eg knee, elbowbending and straightening eg knee, elbow

Pivot jointPivot joint Allows only rotation eg neck between atlas and axis, Allows only rotation eg neck between atlas and axis,

elbow between humerus and radiuselbow between humerus and radius Gliding (plane) jointGliding (plane) joint

Occurs where two flat bones slide over each other Occurs where two flat bones slide over each other eg between carpals and tarsals, ribs and thoracic eg between carpals and tarsals, ribs and thoracic vertebraevertebrae

Ball and socket jointBall and socket joint Allows side to side, back and forth and rotational Allows side to side, back and forth and rotational

movement eg shoulder, hipmovement eg shoulder, hip

Movement allowed by Movement allowed by synovial jointssynovial joints

Flexion – bending, decreasing the angle between bonesFlexion – bending, decreasing the angle between bones Extension – increases the angle between bonesExtension – increases the angle between bones Abduction – movement away from the midlineAbduction – movement away from the midline Adduction – movement towards the midlineAdduction – movement towards the midline Circumduction – bone end describes a circle, bone makes a cone Circumduction – bone end describes a circle, bone makes a cone

shaped movement shaped movement Rotation – bone moves around a central axisRotation – bone moves around a central axis Supination – palm hand facing upSupination – palm hand facing up Pronation – palm hand facing downPronation – palm hand facing down Eversion – sole of the foot outward of the ankleEversion – sole of the foot outward of the ankle Inversion – sole of the fool inward of the ankleInversion – sole of the fool inward of the ankle Dorsiflexion – raising the toes and footDorsiflexion – raising the toes and foot Plantar flexion – pointing of the toes Plantar flexion – pointing of the toes


The muscular systemThe muscular system

Muscle actionMuscle action Muscles produce movement by pulling Muscles produce movement by pulling

on bones.on bones. Muscles are attached to bones by Muscles are attached to bones by

tendons at each end.tendons at each end. The end of the muscle that is relatively The end of the muscle that is relatively

fixed is the origin.fixed is the origin. The end that moves most is the The end that moves most is the

insertion.insertion. The main body is the muscle belly.The main body is the muscle belly. When muscles contract the origin and When muscles contract the origin and

insertion are drawn together, causing insertion are drawn together, causing the muscle to shorten. The attached the muscle to shorten. The attached bones are pulled in the direction of the bones are pulled in the direction of the movement, producing movement. movement, producing movement. This is the muscle action. Eg elbow This is the muscle action. Eg elbow flexionflexion

Reciprocal inhibitionReciprocal inhibition

Muscles usually work in pairs. When a muscle Muscles usually work in pairs. When a muscle contracts (agonist), another relaxes contracts (agonist), another relaxes (antagonist). Example – triceps and biceps. (antagonist). Example – triceps and biceps. When the elbow extends, the triceps (agonist) When the elbow extends, the triceps (agonist) contract and the bicep (antagonist) relaxes.contract and the bicep (antagonist) relaxes.

This pairing of opposite muscles is called This pairing of opposite muscles is called ‘reciprocal inhibition’. ‘reciprocal inhibition’.

Synergists are muscles that assist the agonist Synergists are muscles that assist the agonist and antagonist.and antagonist.

Types of musclesTypes of musclesMuscles can be described as Muscles can be described as

either:either: Voluntary (over which we have Voluntary (over which we have

control)control) Involuntary (over which we have Involuntary (over which we have

no direct control)no direct control)

The three main types of muscle The three main types of muscle are:are: Smooth – found in blood vessels Smooth – found in blood vessels

and intestinal walls (involuntary)and intestinal walls (involuntary) Cardiac – found only in the walls Cardiac – found only in the walls

of the heart (involuntary)of the heart (involuntary) Striped / striated / skeletal – Striped / striated / skeletal –

external, voluntary musclesexternal, voluntary muscles

Main features of all Main features of all musclesmuscles

Controlled by nerve stimuli (excitability)Controlled by nerve stimuli (excitability) Can contract (contractility)Can contract (contractility) Can stretch (extensibility)Can stretch (extensibility) Can return to their original shape Can return to their original shape

(elasticity)(elasticity) Can atrophy (waste away)Can atrophy (waste away) Can hypertrophy (enlarge)Can hypertrophy (enlarge) Are fed by capillariesAre fed by capillaries

Types of muscle fibresTypes of muscle fibres

Slow twitch fibresSlow twitch fibres Contract slowly, contract repeatedly, suited Contract slowly, contract repeatedly, suited

to endurance activitiesto endurance activities

Fast twitch fibresFast twitch fibres Contract rapidly, are easily exhausted, Contract rapidly, are easily exhausted,

suited to speed activitiessuited to speed activities

Shape / fibre Shape / fibre arrangement of voluntary arrangement of voluntary

musclesmuscles FusiformFusiform Fibres run the length of the belly, highly Fibres run the length of the belly, highly

contractile and produce large contractile and produce large movements eg bicepsmovements eg biceps

PennatePennateProduce smaller range of Produce smaller range of movements and are designed for movements and are designed for power and strength. There are power and strength. There are three main types:three main types: UnipennateUnipennate

Fibres are on one side of a central Fibres are on one side of a central tendontendon

BipennateBipennate Fibres run off either side of a central Fibres run off either side of a central

tendontendon Multipennate Multipennate

Small tendons converge from the origin Small tendons converge from the origin to the tendon of the insertionto the tendon of the insertion

Types of muscular Types of muscular contractioncontraction

IsotonicIsotonic The length of the muscle The length of the muscle

changes to produce force. changes to produce force. There are two types:There are two types: Concentric – muscle shortens to Concentric – muscle shortens to

produce forceproduce force Eccentric – muscle lengthens to Eccentric – muscle lengthens to

create forcecreate force

IsometricIsometric Muscle length remains the Muscle length remains the

same but force is still producedsame but force is still produced

BibliographyBibliography

Glenn Amezdroz, Sue Dickens, Geoff Glenn Amezdroz, Sue Dickens, Geoff Hosford, and Damien Davis. Hosford, and Damien Davis. Queensland Queensland Senior Physical Education.Senior Physical Education. South Yarra, South Yarra, 1999.1999.

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