Allah commands justice the doing of good and liberality to kith and kin and He forbids all shameful deeds and injustice and rebellion: He instructs you that ye may receive admonition

Entire range of commands condensed in one verse• Abdullah Ibn Masood (RA) says that most

comprehensive verse of the Holy Qur‘an appears in An-Nahl and it is(16:90). (Ibn Kathir)

• The essence of the entire range of Islamic teachings have been condensed into a few words.

• From the blessed period of the most righteous elders up to this day, the practice has continued that this verse is recited at the end of the Khutbah (address) of Jumu'ah and the two Eids.

Aktham ibn al-Saifi (RA) came to Islam through this verse• He was the chief of his people• He sent two envoys to Prophet (SAW) to inquire about his

message• They asked him two questions: 'Who are you and what are

you?‘• Prophet (SAW) replied, "I am Mohammad son of Abdullah,

servant of Allah and His Messenger.”• After that, he recited this verse 90 of An-Nahl.• They memorized it and reported it to Aktham• He said,”This tells us that he bids morals which are high and

forbids morals which are low. Let all of you embrace his religion as soon as possible so that you stay ahead of other people, and not lag behind as camp followers.' (Ibn Kathir)

Uthman ibn Mazun (RA) said:• “At the initial stage, I had embraced Islam because people

around said so. • But, Islam had not taken roots in my heart. • Then, there came a day when I was present in the blessed

company of the Holy Prophet (SAW) • At that time revelation from Allah came and the Prophet(SAW)

recited this verse 90 of Surah Nahal• When I heard this verse, my faith became all firm and fortified in

my heart and the love for Rasool of Allah settled there for good.”• Ibn Kathir reported that it has strong and authentic chain of transmission.

Prophet (SAW) recited this verse to Walid Ibn Mughirah• He went to report his impression before his people,

the Quraysh of Makkah, in the following words:

• By God, in it, there is a special sweetness and, • above it there is a unique hallow of light, • and leaves are going to sprout out from its roots• and fruits are going to show up on its branches• and this can never be the speech of any human

being.

I-Al-'Adl• Literal meaning of this word is to make equal. • Equitable judgement of officials in the disputed cases of

people is called Al-'Adl or justice. • Al-'Adl (justice) also refers to moderation (al-i'tidal) between

the two extremes of excess (al-ifrat) and deficiency (at-tafrit). • Some Tafsir authorities have explained Al-'Adl at this place as

the equality of the outward and the inward state of a person.• Statements must be compatible with what one believes in

and lives by.• In fact, Al-'Adl here has been used in its general sense which

is inclusive of all these forms and shades

Different forms of Adl or justice (Ibn Arabi)

1-Between self and rabb

2-With oneself

3-Between self and other creation

4-Resolution of disputes

Ibnal Arabi- Different forms of Adl1- Justice between self and Rabb• Intrinsic meaning of Al-'Adl is to make equal• (1)One sense of Al-'Adl or justice is that man should

do justice between his Nafs (self) and his Rabb (Allah.

• If so, it would mean that he should give preference to the right of Allah over the self pleasure and

• He should make the seeking of Allah’s pleasure far more urgent than the pursuit of his own desires

• He must obey His commands and totally abstain from what He has forbidden

2-Justice with one self• It requires that one enter into a deal of justice with

his own self• One must protect his self from all such challenges

which bring physical or spiritual destruction upon him. • One must refuse to fulfill such desires of his self

which are harmful for him in the end, • One must be content and satisfied observing

patience, and avoid putting unnecessary burden on his self without valid excuse.

3- Between oneself and rest of Allah’s creation• In this case, the essential sense is that one should deal with the whole creation in a cooperative spirit wishing well, doing good and having sympathy • Never betray anyone with the slightest breach of

trust in any transaction whether minor or major, • Demand from his self justice for everyone, and see

to it that no human being is hurt by anything said or done by him whether apparent or concealed.

4-Justice for disputes between two parties• Similarly, there is the justice done when two parties

bring one of their cases for adjudication before a person,

• Then, it is the duty of that person that he must decide the case without any tilt towards anyone

• He should judge in accordance with what is the truth.

Imam al-Razi- Al Adl=Moderation• Another form of justice is when one leaves out the

extreme options of excess and deficiency in all matters

• One takes to the path of moderation. • The word Al-'Adl (justice) is inclusive of moderation

in belief, moderation in deed, moderation in morals, everything. [Al-Bahr al-Muhit)

Imam Al-Qurtubi• Gives all the details to determine the sense of Al-

Adl and considers it good for the purpose• This tells us that the one single word, Al-'Adl, in this

verse is comprehensive • It encompasses in itself the adherence to all good

morals and deeds • It also includes the avoidance of all bad morals and

deeds.

II-Al-Ihsan

The real and literal meaning of Al-Ihsan is to make or do something good.

It has two kinds:

(1) That one makes deeds or morals and habits become good and perfect in one's own person;

(2) That one deals with the other person nicely, decently and favorably.

Imam Al-Qurtubi• This word has been used in its general sense in the

cited verse • It is inclusive of both kinds of Ihsan. • The first kind of Ihsan, that is, doing something well

in its own right, is also general - for instance, to come out with acts of worship in their best possible form

• To make efforts to improve upon personal deeds and morals and to seek betterment in dealings with others

Prophet’s (SAW) explanation of Ihsan in hadith Jibreel

• Included here is the Ihsan of 'Ibadah (the excellence of acts of worship).

• Also included here is the Ihsan or excellence of all deeds, morals and habits

Difference between Adl and Ihsan• Justice means that give the right of the other person in full

neither less nor more.• If someone hurts you, you hurt him only as much as he did, no

more.• Ihsan means that you give the other person more than his real

due. Ignore your right to the limit that you willingly accept even less than due.

• When someone hurts you physically or verbally, then, you forgive him. Return the evil done by him with what is good for him.

• Command to do justice comes in the form of what is Fard and Wajib(ob1igatory and necessary as duty) while the command to be good appears in the status of an act which is voluntary (Nafl)

III-Give relatives (their due) • The word ('itta') used in the text means to give something -

with the added sense of giving as gift or presentation in good grace.

• The word (al-qurba) means relationship or kinship; and (dhil-qurba) means relatives or kin.

• Included under this 'due' is: Serving them financially, Serving them physically Visiting them when sick Taking care of them when in need Giving of verbal comfort Expression of concern and sympathy too.

Some other rights of relatives• Visit those who are sick, • Be kind to the poor of them, • Look after their needs, • Be merciful to the young, • Sponsor the orphans, • Smile when you see them, • Speak to them gently, • Treat them kindly• Calling them, • Corresponding with them,• Exchanging gifts with them, • Paying Salam to them with love, justice, humbleness and with

supplications

IV- Shameful or evil acts (al-fahsha')• There are two opinions about the meaning of Fahisha. Fawahish is

simply the plural form of Fahisha

1- Something which is gross, or lewd and obscene. This could be in speech or language (as in uttering foul, evil, lewd or

obscene speech) An indecent act per Quran like fornication and adultery

2- Any major sin for which Sharia has prescribed a Hadd (specific punishment). Examples are : Killing an innocent soul, Dealing with Riba (usury, interest), Adultery, Fornication, Giving false testimonies, etc

Allah has forbidden all Fawahish

• Come not near to shameful deeds whether open or secret..

(6:151)

• Say: The things that my Lord hath indeed forbidden are: shameful deeds whether open or secret; sins and trespasses against truth or reason (7:33)

Shaytan commands Fahisha Surah Baqarah, Ayah 268

• Amara starts from suggesting and it moves on to command. • The more control Shaytan has will determine whether he can

command you or not.• Shaytan takes full control of some people.• They are addicted to Zina and pornography. They cannot

stop themselves.• God promises you His forgiveness and His abundance: God is

limitless and all knowing,

Salah protects from FahshaAl-Ankaboot ayah 45

• Read and follow what has been revealed to you from the book and establish prayer, no doubt about it, it is in fact prayer that prevents you from all forms of shamelessness and evil behavior. (26:45)

• you might say: I have been praying five times a day but i still have a boyfriend or a girlfriend. I am still addicted to filthy stuff online but i still pray five times

• Something is wrong with your prayer, if you are still up to this stuff. Something is missing because you are not really praying.

V-Al-Munkar- or evil deeds• It applies to words or deeds, unlawfulness which is

mentioned in Quran and Sunnah• Al-Munkar is also defined as polytheism and disbelief

and all that Islam has forbidden.• Al-Munkar" appears 15 times in 15 verses in Quran• Al-Munkar (forbidden and evil actions) are two kinds: Not doing what Allah and His Prophet (SAW) have

absolutely ordained on us like giving up SalahDoing what Allah and His Prophet (SAW) have

absolutely forbidden for us like committing Zina (fornication or adultery).

What is Maroof and Munkar?

• Word 'munkar' occurs in Quran in the opposite sense of "Maroof".

• Maroof means "known" or "recognized" as good in Islam

• Its opposite munkar means "unrecognized“ as good in Islam

• Both these words Maroof and munkar are loosely translated as "good" and "bad" (actions)

• But more specific terms: "saalihaath" and "sayyiaath" has been used in Quran for "good" and "bad" (actions).

Allah commands to enjoin Maroof and forbid Munkar

Let there arise out of you a band of people inviting to all that is good enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong; they are the ones to attain felicity

Ye are the best of peoples evolved for mankind enjoining what is right forbidding what is wrong and believing in Allah. If only the People of the Book had faith it were best for them; among them are some who have faith but most of them are perverted transgressors

Command in the hadith to enjoin Maroof and forbid Munkar

Significance of enjoining Maroof and forbidding Munkar

Qualities of the believers

Those who, if We establish them in the land they establish the prayer give the zakah and they enjoin the right and forbid evil. And for Allah (is the) end (of) the matters. (Haj,22:41)

Quality of the believers in reference to Maroof and Munkar

" And the believers, men and women, are friends one of another; they enjoin the recognized (conduct) and forbid the unrecognized, and they establish Salah and they pay the Zakah, and they obey Allah and His messenger. As for these, Allah will have mercy on them. Indeed, Allah is Mighty, Wise. (9:71)

Quality of the hypocrites in reference to Maroof and Munkar

"The hypocrites, both men and women, proceed one from another. They enjoin the unrecognized, and they forbid the recognized, and they withhold their hands (from spending ). They forget Allah, so He has forgotten them. Indeed, the hypocrites, they are the transgressors. " (9:67)

Luqman’s advice to his son

O my son! establish regular prayer enjoin what is just and forbid what is wrong: and bear with patient constancy whatever betide thee; for this is firmness (of purpose) in (the conduct of) affairs. (Luqman, 31:17)

Baghi has 3 meanings

Rebellion

ArroganceTransgression

VI- Baghi Rebellion, arrogance, transgression

Baghi is rebellion against truth and righteousness knowingly and/or by use one's power and influence.

Arrogance, pride, kufr etc.

Transgressing by attacking people's life, wealth, honor and freedom of expression;

Baghi in Quran

• The religion with Allah is faith and obedience (Islam). The people given the scripture did not differ except after knowledge came to them seeking worldly advantage (baghyan) between themselves. Whoever rejects the signs of Allah, Allah is swift in reckoning. Qur’an 3:19

Baghi in Quran

But when He delivers them Behold! they transgress insolently through the earth in defiance of right! O mankind! your insolence is against your own souls an enjoyment of the life of the Present: in the end to Us is your return and We shall show you the truth of all that ye did.Yunus, 10:23

Dua