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MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS -RAVAL ZEBA
1.PARTS OF A TYPICAL FLOWERING PLANT:
Root System Shoot System •Homogenous•Consist of Roots and its Branches
•Homogenous•Consist of Stem, branches , leaves, flowers
PARTS OF PLANT BODY
Vegetative Parts Reproductive Parts•Promote Nutrition and Growth•Root, Stem , Leaves
•Responsible for Reproduction•Flowers
SOME INFORMATION : Study of external Structure of Plants::”External Morphology”Study of internal Structure of Plants:”Internal Morphology”
ABOUT ROOTS:Positively Geotropic: grows downwards Negatively Phototropic: away from lightPostively Hydrotropic :towards waterDon’t have Nodes Internodes
FUNCTIONS: •Fixation• Anchorage (hold to soil)•Nutrition( pass nutrients)•Gas Exchanger( soil to plant)•Food storer ( become swollen)•Food manufacturer•Aerial roots absorb moisture from air
2. PARTS OF A ROOT AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
REGIONS MADE FROM
SITUATED IN:
FEATURES FUNCTION
1.REGION OF ROOT-CAP
Provide protection to Root
Above Root
Appears like multicellular cap-like
Secrete mucilage for lubrication
2. CELL DIVISION/MERISTEMATIC REGION
Compact arranged meristematic cells
After Root-cap
Is growing part of plant
Enable longitudinal growth of new cells
3.REGION OF ELONGATION
Newly formed cells
Above Meristematic Region
Cells here elongate rapidly
Help in Abosorption of mineral salts
4.REGION OF ROOT HAIR/ ABSORPTION:
Root hairs(tiny outgrowths)
Over Roots Single-celled, tubular , remain contact with soil
Absorption of water
5.MATURATION/ CELL-DIFFERENTIATION REGION:
Primary root tissues(Cortex, Xylem ,phloem , etc)
Forms major part of root
Lateral roots also develop from here
Fixation (hoilding) and absorption
2.(A) TYPES OF ROOTS
Tap Roots Fibrous Roots
•Develops from radicle•Grow Vertically downwards into :•Primary root• Secondary Roots•Tertiary Roots
•Roots are in ”Acropetal Succession” Old at base, young at top•Present in Dicot plants
Grow horizontally
•Develops from any other part then Radicle•They have equal sized growth of roots•Also called” Fibrous root system”•Present in Monocot plants
2 (B) MODIFICATIONS OF ROOTS:1.MODIFICATIONS OF TAP-ROOTS:
FOR RESPIRATION:
1. Plants growing in marshy, swampy, salt lakes are called “Halophytes”
2. PROBLEM: Inability to respire in soil, as soil is water-logged
3. SOLUTION: Turn “Negatively Geotropic” and grow vertically upwards
4. Have special cells “lenticels” who respire
2. MODIFICATIONS OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS:1. FOOD
STORAGE :
1. Don’t have definite shape
2. Arise from stem and dig into soil
1. Cluster of roots become fleshy (to store food)
2. Found at base of stem
SIMPLE TUBEROUS ROOTS, e.g Sweet potato
FASCICULATED TUBEROUS ROOTS ,e.g dahlia
2.FOR MECHANICAL SUPPORT 1.PROP ROOTS :
1. These Roots arise from branches
2. Grow downwards3. FUNCTION: Provide
mechanical support to heavy branches
2.STILT ROOTS:1. Stems of such plants are weak2. For that, Roots arise from stem
and grown downwards to soil to give support
3.CLIMBER ROOTS:•Plants like such produce roots from nodes•These roots attach themselves to any support and continue growing.
BANYAN TREE
PANDANUS
3.FOR SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS :1.EPIPHYTIC ROOTS:
1. Orchids like plants grow on branches to reach for sunlight2. They have green leaves( so can photosynthesize), these
plants called ”epiphytes”
3. They have “Velamen” tissue inside which helps in absorption of moisture form air
CUSCUTA
HOST
PARASTITE HOST
2. SUCKING ROOTS /HAUSTORIUM :1. Parasite plants attach to Host plants for feeding on their
body.2. In partial Parasitism, Plants penetrate Xylem only :Take
water and minerals3. In Whole Parasitism, penetrate Xylem: take water and
minerals + Phloem :take food away
5.1.2 MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF STEM:
1. Describe in Shoot system “Aerial part of plant”2. Can be defined as , Ascending part :moves upwards
develops from plumule divided In nodes and Internodes (refer diagram )
3.Is, Positively Phototropic: Moves towards light
Negatively Geotropic and Hydrotropic: moves away from soil and water
BUDS : Young shoot containing young leavesThere are two types of Buds
Vegetative Buds: Buds which develop in branches
Floral buds : buds developing in flowers
ACCESSORY BUDS (extra buds)
ADVENTITIOUS BUDS
FUNCTIONS OF STEM:1. Give Support to plant body2. Conduct Water, Minerals 3. Food TransporterCan also, store food, 4. proliferation and propogation,5. Produce support for climbing6. Offer protection ( spines)
MODIFICATION OF STEMS :I) UNDERGROUND MODIFICATIONS :
TUBER
RHIZOME
BULB
CORM
II) SUB- AERIAL MODIFICATIONS :
III) AERIAL MODIFICATION OF STEM:STEM TENDRIL
THORN
PHYLLOCADE
cladode
BULBILS
5.1.3 MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS AND PARTS OF LEAF:
PARTS OF A FOLIAGE :
PETIOLE/MESOPODIUM
LAMINA/EPIPODIUM
LEAF BASE /HYPOPODIUM
VENATION :
TYPES OF VENATION :
PINNATELY COMPOUND LEAVES:
MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES:
LEAF SPINES LEAF TENDRILS
LEAF HOOKS PHYLLODES
PHYLLOTAXY
FLOWERS
RACEMOSE
CYMOSE
PARTS OF A FLOWER
FRUITS
PARTHENOCARPIC FRUITS
SIMPLE FRUITS
AGGREGATE FRUITS
COMPOSITE FRUITS