2. Discussion Flow: What is morphology? What is a word?
Morphemes How is morphology studied? Further Distinctions
3. o The term morphology is Greek and is a makeup of morph-
meaning 'shape, form', and -ology which means 'the study of
something'. o Therefore, it is the study of the structure of
something; the term is not just use in linguistics, but it is also
used in BIOLOGY- as the scientific study of forms and structure of
animals and plants. What is MORPHOLOGY?
4. In GEOLOGY as the study of formation and evolution of rocks
and land forms. But we are going to stick to morphology in
linguistics, which is being defined as the scientific study of
forms and structure of WORDS in a language. Studies the formation
of words from smaller units called morphemes.
5. If morphology is the study of the internal structure of
words, we need to define the word WORD before we can
continue.......
6. Morphology Morphology as a sub- discipline of linguistics
was named for the first time in 1859 by the German linguist August
Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of
words.
7. What is a word? A reliable definition of words is that they
are the smallest independent units of language. They are
independent in that they do not depend on other words which means
that they can be separated from other units and can change
position.
8. Consider the sentence: 1.The man looked at the horses. -The
plural ending s in horses is dependent on the noun horse to receive
meaning and can therefore not be a word. Horses however, is a word,
as it can occur in other positions in the sentence or stand on its
own.
9. Consider the sentence: 2.The horses looked at the man. -
What is the man looking at? - Horses. Words are thus both
independent since they can be separated from other words and move
around in sentences, and the smallest units of language since they
are the only units of language for which this is possible.
10. Morphemes In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest
component of word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic
meaning. The term is used as part of the branch of linguistics
known as morpheme-based morphology. A morpheme is composed
byphoneme(s) (the smallest linguistically distinctive units of
sound) in spoken language, and by grapheme(s) (the smallest units
of written language) in written language.
11. The concept of word and morpheme are different, a morpheme
may or may not stand alone. One or several morphemes compose a
word. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone (ex: "one",
"possible"), or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free
morpheme (ex: "im" in impossible). Its actual phonetic
representation is themorph, with the different morphs ("in-",
"im-") representing the same morpheme being grouped as its
allomorphs. The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a
bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound
morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is asuffix. Both "un-"
and "-able" are affixes. The morpheme plural-s has the morph "-s",
/s/, in cats (/kts/), but "-es", /z/, indishes (/dz/), and even the
voiced "-s", /z/, in dogs (/dz/). "-s". These are allomorphs.
12. Complex words A word made up of two or more morphemes.
Contrast with monomorphemic word. "[W]e say that bookishness is a
complex word, whose immediate components arebookish and -ness,
which we can express in shorthand by spelling the word with dashes
between each morph: book-ish-ness. The process of dividing a word
into morphs is calledparsing.
13. morphology lecture lecture which has something to do with
morphology lecture = head of compound, morphology = modifier
Compound with head = endocentric Meaning of compound determined
regularly from meanings of elements Compounding is recursive: (14)
morphology class room change announcement (procedures (review
(committee (chairman (. . . ) (15) blackbird N A N black bird
14. Three approaches Morpheme based Lexeme based Word
based
15. Morpheme based In morpheme-based morphology, word forms are
analyzed as arrangements of morphemes. A morpheme is defined as the
minimal meaningful unit of a language. In a word such as
independently, the morphemes are said to be in-, depend, -ent, and
ly; depend is the root and the other morphemes are, in this case,
derivational affixes.[5] In words such as dogs, dog is the root and
the -s is an inflectional morpheme. In its simplest and most nave
form, this way of analyzing word forms, called "item-and-
arrangement", treats words as if they were made of morphemes put
after each other ("concatenated") like beads on a string. More
recent and sophisticated approaches, such as distributed
morphology, seek to maintain the idea of the morpheme while
accommodating non-concatenative, analogical, and other processes
that have proven problematic for item-and- arrangement theories and
similar approaches.
16. Lexeme based Lexeme-based morphology usually takes what is
called an "item-and-process" approach. Instead of analyzing a word
form as a set of morphemes arranged in sequence, a word form is
said to be the result of applying rules that alter a word-form or
stem in order to produce a new one. An inflectional rule takes a
stem, changes it as is required by the rule, and outputs a word
form; a derivational rule takes a stem, changes it as per its own
requirements, and outputs a derived stem; a compounding rule takes
word forms, and similarly outputs a compound stem.
17. WORD BASED
18. also referred to as 'word and radigm' approach. This method
relies the fact that generalizations exist tween the forms of
inflectional tterns. More simply that words can be tegorized based
on the patterns that ey fit into.
19. WHAT IS INFINITIVE?
20. An infinitive is the most basic verb form in all languages.
In English, it is always preceded by "to," as in "to run," "to
love," and "to travel." Verbs in the infinitive form indicate what
the action is but nothing about who is doing the action at what
point in time.
21. 1. As a Base for Conjugations All of the indicative and
some of the subjunctive start with the infinitive. As you will see
in many verb references, the first step to conjugating involves
"the stem of the infinitive." To find the stem, simply take off the
infinitive ending (-ar, - er, or -ir). amar (to love) -> amo
comer (to eat) -> como, comes abrir (to open) -> abro,
abres
22. 2. As a noun . In English, the gerund (verbs that end in
-ing) is used in these instances, but not in Spanish where the
gerund is only used in expressing continuous actions such as the
present progressive. (Speaking Spanish is fun.) (Taking pictures is
prohibited.)
23. 3. After a Conjugated Verb Infinitives can be used many
different ways with or without prepositions to express the idea of
"to do" something. (We are going to dance.) (You have to take out
the trash.) (I want to leave for the party.) (I like to draw.)
24. -ER Verbs INFINITIVE DEFINITION STEM beber to drink beb-
comer to eat com- comprender to understand comprend- correr to run
corr- creer to believe cre- deber to owe deb- leer to read le-
meter to put into met- Romper to break romp- vender to sell
vend-
25. Exercises Write the stem for each infinitive given.
Example: bailar -> bail estudiar hablar comprar entrar aprender
correr beber escribir vivir decidir
26. Inflectional & Derivational
27. INFLECTIONAL
28. Expresses grammatical changes by altering word forms
Example: singular words might take inflectional morpheme 's' in
order to make them plural girl girls They usually only appear as
suffixes in English
29. Create word forms of a lexeme A subset of the functional
categories which govern syntactic relations in sentences