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Morphological affinities of human
skeletal remains from Serra da
Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and
their implications for the origins of
Native Americans
W. A. Neves1, D. V. Bernardo1, N. Guidon2
1 Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos –
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,
Brasil
2 Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Brasil
Our current perception of the
settlement of the Americas (last decades):
people was present in the New World prior to Clovis (Dillehay, 1997);
a Beringean coastal route was used by the newcomers instead of an
interior corridor (Dixon, 2001);
the lithic industry and subsistence patterns of the pioneers varied
considerably from region to region (Kipnis, 1998; Roosevelt et al., 2002;
Neves & Cornero, 1997);
the first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
Our current perception of the
settlement of the Americas (last decades):
people was present in the New World prior to Clovis (Dillehay, 1997);
a Beringean coastal route was used by the newcomers instead of an
interior corridor (Dixon, 2001);
the lithic industry and subsistence patterns of the pioneers varied
considerably from region to region (Kipnis, 1998; Roosevelt et al., 2002;
Neves & Cornero, 1997);
the first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
early Americans late/nowadays Americans
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
early Americans late/nowadays Americans
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
A
m
e
r
i
n
d
i
a
n
P
a
l
e
o
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
short
neurocrania
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
A
m
e
r
i
n
d
i
a
n
P
a
l
e
o
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
wild
neurocrania
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
A
m
e
r
i
n
d
i
a
n
P
a
l
e
o
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
high
orthognatic
broad
faces
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
A
m
e
r
i
n
d
i
a
n
P
a
l
e
o
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
long
neurocrania
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
A
m
e
r
i
n
d
i
a
n
P
a
l
e
o
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
narrow
neurocrania
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
A
m
e
r
i
n
d
i
a
n
P
a
l
e
o
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
low
prognatic
faces
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
DNA diversity of present Native
Americans suggests that the continent was
peopled by humans pertaining to only one
biological stock (Merriwether et al., 1995;
Bonatto and Salzano, 1997; Silva et al.,
2002; Fagundes et al., 2008; Goebel et al.,
2008) apparently supporting Hrdlíčka’s
original assertion.
Contrary to this view, Hrdlíčka’s original assertion:
All Native Americans can be
accommodated within one single
cranial morphological range
The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays
Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).
DNA diversity of present Native
Americans suggests that the continent
was peopled by humans pertaining to only
one biological stock (Merriwether et al.,
1995; Bonatto and Salzano, 1997; Silva et
al., 2002; Fagundes et al., 2008; Goebel et
al., 2008) apparently supporting
Hrdlíčka’s original assertion.
Contrary to this view, Hrdlíčka’s original assertion:
“All Native Americans can be
accommodated within one single
cranial morphological range”
Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;
relatively low and broad orbits and noses
Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and
broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and
noses
Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;
relatively low and broad orbits and noses
Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and
broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and
noses
Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;
relatively low and broad orbits and noses
Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and
broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and
noses
Paleoamerican
Amerindian
Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;
relatively low and broad orbits and noses
Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and
broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and
noses
Paleoamerican
Amerindian
Two different morphologies in the America!
Paleoamerican
Amerindian
Paleoamerican
Amerindian
Occurrence of Paleoamerican morphology in different regions
Here the cranial morphology
of five prehistoric humans skulls
from Serra da Capivara was
assessed under a comparative
perspective.
Serra da Capivara’s Sample
Serra da Capivara’s Sample
Toca do Coqueiro, ♂, ≈ 9.9 kyr Toca do Paraguaio, # 1 ♀, ≈ 8.6 kyr
# 2 ♂, ≈ 8.7 kyr
Toca do Gongo 2, ♀, ≈ 2.0 kyr Toca dos Cablocos, ♂, ≈ 0.45 kyr
Comparative Sample
12 worldwide series from Howell’s databank
Comparative Sample
12 worldwide series from Howell’s databank
plus
2 series from SouthAmerican Arcaic Period
(measured by Neves’s colleagues)
Final Sample
Methods
Multivariate comparisons by means of Principal Components Analysis
(PCA) & General Discriminant Analysis (GDA);
Males & Females analyzed together;
Double Z pooled standardization: all cases and variables were normalized;
Correction of sexual dimorfism and size variation.
Replacement of missing values by general means
Methods
61 cranial variables taken in accordance with Howells’s protocol.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
Results - PCA
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
All sampled specimens without labels
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
Asia M
Asia F
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
Asia M
Asia F
Africa M
Africa F
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
Asia M
Asia F
Africa M
Africa F
AustraloM M
AustraloM F
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
Asia M
Asia F
Africa M
Africa F
AustraloM M
AustraloM F
América M
América F
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
CP
2:
13
,22
%Asia M
Asia F
Africa M
Africa F
AustraloM M
AustraloM F
América M
América F
Sudam.Arc. M
Sudam.Arc. F
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
CP
2:
13
,22
%Asia M
Asia F
Africa M
Africa F
AustraloM M
AustraloM F
América M
América F
Sudam.Arc. M
Sudam.Arc. F
L.Santa M
L.Santa F
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
Asia M
Asia F
Africa M
Africa F
AustraloM M
AustraloM F
América M
América F
Sudam.Arc. M
Sudam.Arc. F
L.Santa M
L.Santa F
S.Capivara M
S.Capivara F
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4C
P 2
: 1
3,2
2%
Caboclos
Gongo 1
Paraguaio 2
Coqueiros
Paraguaio 1
América
AsiaAfrica
Sudamerica Arc. Paleoamericano
Australo-Melan.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
CP 1: 21,85%
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
CP
2:
13
,22
%
Caboclos
Gongo 1
Paraguaio 2
Coqueiros
Paraguaio 1
América
AsiaAfrica
Sudamerica Arc. Paleoamericano
Australo-Melan.
The same morphological duality in New World’s samples;
Serra da Capivara’s sample occupying both extremes.
Results - GDA
Classification Matrix – 81,84% of correct classification
Conclusions
Dual differentiation of Serra da Capivara’s sample can not be attributed
to sexual dimorfism;
One group (in the right side of the PCA) represented by specimens from
the early Holocene and other group (in the left side of the PCA) by
specimens from middle and late Holocene*;
Absence of intermediary morphologies: same scenario observed in
others regions of South America;
Compability with the idea that New World was occupied by two
morphologically distinct populations. Sample from Toca do Paraguaio
show that both morphologies were present in the America between
8.0 – 9.0 kyr BP.
Acknowledgements
Fapesp – grant 2008/58729-8
CNPq – grant 301126-04.6
Christina Torres-Rouff
Maria Mercedes Martinez Okumura
Mariana Inglez
Mark Hubbe
Simone Silva Santana
Tatiana Ferreira de Almeida
Morphological affinities of human
skeletal remains from Serra da
Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and
their implications for the origins of
Native Americans
W. A. Neves1, D. V. Bernardo1, N. Guidon2
1 Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos –
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,
Brasil
2 Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Brasil