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Mobile Learning: Lecturers versus Students on Usage and Perception using the UTAUT Model
Lenandlar SinghDepartment of Computer Science, University of Guyana
[email protected] Gaffar
Department of Computer Science, University of [email protected]
Troy ThomasDepartment of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of Guyana
Outline
• Introduction
• Background
• Review of Literature
• Research Questions
• Methodology
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Recommendations and Future Work
Introduction
• E-learning has transformed the educational landscape worldwide
• Technology is fundamentally changing the way we teach and learn
• New pedagogical models, curriculum delivery methods and learning systems.
• One area of e-learning that is gaining increasing popularity and attention is mobile learning (m-learning)
• M-learning has essentially extended the reach of e-learning and distance education systems by allowing educators and students to teach and learn anywhere, anytime and on the move
Introduction
Background & Context
• Despite increased use of mobile devices, Guyana is faced with several problemso Bandwidth issueso Cost of equipment /service o Lack of competition (only 2 mobile providers)
• With these in mind, m-learning at the University of Guyana appears far-fetched
o Lack of policy
o Inadequate infrastructure
o Cost of hardware and software systems
o Culture?
• M-learning is an opportunity for the University of Guyana and similar environments
o What opportunities exist?
o Lack of experimentation and perception!
Literature Review• Research in m-learning still in its infancy stage
• Experimentation mostly in developed countries with affordable mobile technology and fast-paced developments
• Wang et al. (2010) claims that studies that explore the best practice of m-learning are largely undefined.
• Need for systematic studies that examine instructors’ and students’ m-learning experience
• Lack of empirical evidence to show that mobile technology engages students and promote learning (Hlodan, 2010)
• Jairak et al. (2009) found positive effects of various factors on attitude to technology and behavioural intention.
Research Questions
(i) To investigate the extent of ownership and usage of mobile devices by staff and students at the University of Guyana.
(ii) To investigate the relationships among the elements of the UTAUT model with specific focus on how they influence attitude towards and intentions to use M-learning technologies.
(iii) To assess the relative propensity for adoption of M-learning between students and lecturers.
Method
Large scale (online) survey of students and lecturers• Approximately 10% response rate from student population (508
responses)
• Approximately 20% response rate from lecturers after supplementary paper survey (63 responses)
Survey items• Attitudinal items adopted from Jairak et al. (2009)
Analysis• UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) Model
by Vanketesh et al. (2003)
Method
Analysis
• Factor analysis: Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Factor scores generated by regression method and saved.
• Evaluation of internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha).
• Path analysis based on the factor scores.
• Comparisions of mean scale levels: Students vs. Lecturers.
Tested Model
4
The Research Model Used (Adopted from Jairak et al. (2009) with modifications)
Device Ownership
Phone Capabilities
Mobile Phone Usage
Factors from student Data
Factors from Staff Data
Path Model for Student Data
Path Model for Staff Data
Mean Scale Levels
NSDx /*96.1
Scale Stud N
Lect N
Stud SD (Stud)
SD(Lect)
Lect
95% CI (Stud)
Lower Upper
PE 381 56 16.22 2.966 2.838 15.20 15.922 16.518
EE 390 56 12.56 2.219 2.084 10.95 12.34 12.78
SF 394 55 9.98 2.693 2.213 9.75 9.714 10.246
FC 359 54 17.19 3.895 4.120 13.69 16.787 17.593
ATT 396 56 12.79 2.111 1.678 12.14 12.582 12.998
BI 386 54 11.78 2.546 2.540 9.76 11.526 12.034
x x
Recommendations
• Further research on scale development.
• Further research with larger sample size for lecturers.
• To influence the use of mobile learning among lecturers (if desired) the facilitating conditions inclusive of support mechanisms, and infrastructure should be addressed since this seems to have a substantial impact on behaviour.
Recommendations
• The university can also seek to form relationships with technology providers so that devices and services (e.g. mobile phones) can be make available at reasonable prices.
• Further experimental studies should be conducted on the effects of the use of mobile learning on the quality of student experience and on the effects on learning.
References
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, 6 edn, Pearson Education Inc.
Hlodan, O. (2010). Mobile learning anytime, anywhere. BioScience, Vol. 60, No. 9 (October 2010), p. 682
Jairak, K., Praneetpolgrang, P. & Mekhabunchakij, K. (2009). An Acceptance of Mobile Learning for Higher Education Students in Thailand. Special Issue of the International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management, Vol. 17 No. SP3, December, 2009
Tacq, Jacques (1997) Multivariate Analysis Techniques in Social ScienceResearch: From Problem to Analysis. SAGE Publications Ltd.
References
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B., Davis, F.D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 425-478. 2003.
Wang. M., Shen. R., Novak, D., & Pan, X. (2009). The impact of mobile learning on students’ learning behaviours and performance: Report from a large blended classroom. British Journal of Educational Technology Vol. 40, No. 4 2009, 673–695
End of Presentation
THANK YOU!