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Presentation given to 6th semester students on first day of their Microprocessor Lab. Introduction to computers and development of microprocessors
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MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 11
Microprocessor LaboratoryMicroprocessor Laboratory(8086)(8086)
Department Department
of of
Electronics and Electronics and CommunicationsCommunications
Subject code: Subject code:
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 22
History of ComputersHistory of Computers
The first The first computers computers were people! were people!
Picture shows Picture shows what is known what is known as “Counting as “Counting Tables”Tables”
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 33
History of Computers History of Computers (300 B. C, Babylonia)(300 B. C, Babylonia)
A very old Abacus
A Modern Abacus
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 44
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersNapier’s Bones-1617Napier’s Bones-1617
The original Napier's bones Modern set of Napier’s BonesJohn Napier invented logarithmSuccessive
addition=multiplication.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 55
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersSlide Rule -1632Slide Rule -1632
It was still in use in the 1960’s by the It was still in use in the 1960’s by the NASA engineers and by the men who NASA engineers and by the men who landed on the moon.landed on the moon.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 66
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersPascaline -1642Pascaline -1642
Blaise PascalGear driven calculator
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 77
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersPunched Cards-1801Punched Cards-1801
Joseph Marie Jacquard Frenchman
Design of fabric was read from punched cards
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 88
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersDifference Engine-1822Difference Engine-1822
Charles Babbage
Difference Engine never finished
Analytical Engine
Store=MemoryMill=CPU
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 99
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersAnalytical EngineAnalytical Engine
Ada Byron, Countess Lady Lovelace by marriage, prepared a detailed sequence of instructions for the Analytic Engine. She earned her spot in history as the first computer programmer
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1010
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersHollerith desk-1890Hollerith desk-1890
In 1890 the prize was won by Herman Hollerith who helped with his invention by saving the government 5 million dollars.
Punch (write) new cards based upon an analysis (reading) of some other set of cards. today called a read/write technology.
Hollerith built a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became International Business Machines, known today as IBM.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1111
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersTwo types of punched cardsTwo types of punched cards
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1212
History of ComputersHistory of Computers19441944
World War II25 miles target.
Solving equations waslaborious
Harvard and IBM Mark I computer.
Switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches.
Ran non-stop for 15 years
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1313
History of ComputersHistory of Computers”Bug””Bug”
First computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1414
History of ComputersHistory of Computers
1953 Grace Hopper invented the first high-level language, "Flow-matic". This language eventually became COBOL
A high-level language is worthless without a program -- known as a compiler -- to translate it into the binary language of the computer
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1515
History of Computers- 1959History of Computers- 1959
IBM Stretch
Computer of 1959
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1616
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersApple Computer of 1976Apple Computer of 1976
Apple was sold as a do-it-yourself kit for $600
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1717
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersMainframe CDC 7600Mainframe CDC 7600
Computers were
expensive because of their extensive wiring
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1818
History of ComputersHistory of ComputersBetween Mainframe and Desk Between Mainframe and Desk
TopTop
Minicomputers.
DEC PDP-12 1969
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 1919
History of ComputersHistory of Computers
Between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert built the ENIAC
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2020
History of ComputersHistory of Computers
Cables were “tested” by rats!!!!!ENIAC did humanity no favor when it declared
the hydrogen bomb feasible. This first ENIAC program remains classified even today.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2121
History of ComputersHistory of Computers
Eckert and Mauchly's next teamed up with the mathematician John von Neumann to design EDVAC, which pioneered the stored program.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2222
History of ComputersHistory of Computers After ENIAC and EDVAC
came other computers with humorous names such as
ILLIAC,
JOHNNIAC,
and, of course,
MANIAC.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2323
History of ComputersHistory of Computers
Arthur C. Clarke chose to have the HAL computer of his famous book "2001: A Space Odyssey" born at Champaign-Urbana. Have you ever noticed that you can shift each of the letters of IBM backward by one alphabet position and get HAL?
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2424
History of ComputersHistory of Computers
The original IBM Personal Computer (PC)The original IBM Personal Computer (PC)
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2525
The Microprocessor AgeThe Microprocessor Age 19711971 World’s first microprocessor is Intel World’s first microprocessor is Intel
40044004.. 4096 4-bit wide memory locations.4096 4-bit wide memory locations. 45 instructions.45 instructions. p-channel MOSFET technology, 50 p-channel MOSFET technology, 50
KIPS( kilo instructions per second)KIPS( kilo instructions per second)
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2626
Intel 4004Intel 4004
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2727
Technical details of the Intel Technical details of the Intel 40044004
Maximum clock speed was 740 kHz Instruction cycle time: 10.8 µs[12] (8 clock cycles /
instruction cycle) Instruction execution time 1 or 2 instruction cycles
(10.8 or 21.6 µs), 46300 to 92600 instructions per second
Separate program and data storage. Contrary to Harvard architecture designs, however, which use separate buses, the 4004, with its need to keep pin count down, used a single multiplexed 4-bit bus for transferring: 12-bit addresses 8-bit instructions 4-bit data words
Instruction set contained 46 instructions (of which 41 were 8 bits wide and 5 were 16 bits wide)
Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits each Internal subroutine stack 3 levels deep.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2828
Intel 8008Intel 8008 3500 transistors3500 transistors .5 MHz.5 MHz 48 instructions48 instructions 16 Kbytes 16 Kbytes
memorymemory The 8008 was The 8008 was
the CPU for the the CPU for the very first very first commercial commercial personal personal computers. computers.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 2929
Bit-Byte-NibbleBit-Byte-Nibble
Bit= 0 or 1Bit= 0 or 1
Eight bits = byte (Bite) Eight bits = byte (Bite)
Four bits = Nibble (Small bite) Four bits = Nibble (Small bite)
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3030
Intel 8080Intel 8080 19741974 8 bit microprocessor8 bit microprocessor Motorola released Motorola released
MC6800MC6800 8080 was TTL compatible8080 was TTL compatible Interfacing was much Interfacing was much
easier and less easier and less expensive.expensive.
64 Kbyte memory.64 Kbyte memory. First PC Altair 8800 First PC Altair 8800
released. BASIC language released. BASIC language interpreter developed by interpreter developed by Bill Gates.Bill Gates.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3131
Intel 8085Intel 8085 19771977 769,230 instructions 769,230 instructions
per secondper second Internal clock Internal clock
generator, internal generator, internal system controller and system controller and higher clock higher clock frequencyfrequency
About 200 million in About 200 million in existance.existance.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3232
The Modern MicroprocessorThe Modern Microprocessor
In 1976 the Intel 8086 In 1976 the Intel 8086 was releasedwas released
16 bit microprocessor16 bit microprocessor 2.5 MIPS (million 2.5 MIPS (million
instructions per instructions per second)second)
1 Mbytes of memory1 Mbytes of memory 4 or 6 byte instruction 4 or 6 byte instruction
cache or queue to cache or queue to prefetch instructions prefetch instructions before they were before they were executed.executed.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3333
The 80286 MicroprocessorThe 80286 Microprocessor 16 bit architecture 16 bit architecture
microprocessormicroprocessor 16 Mbyte memory16 Mbyte memory 4 MIPS4 MIPS
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3434
Intel 80386Intel 80386 19861986
32 bit 32 bit microprocessor, (32 microprocessor, (32 bit data bus, 32 bit bit data bus, 32 bit memory address)memory address)
4 G bytes of memory4 G bytes of memory
275,000 transistors275,000 transistors
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3535
Pentium Pro ProcessorPentium Pro Processor
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3636
Pentium proPentium pro 21 million transistors21 million transistors 3 integer units and a floating point unit3 integer units and a floating point unit Clock frequency 166 MHzClock frequency 166 MHz 16 K level 1 cache, 256 K level 2 cache.16 K level 1 cache, 256 K level 2 cache. 3 execution engines, 3 instructions at a 3 execution engines, 3 instructions at a
time.time.
MicroprocessorMicroprocessor 3737