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Microbiology 2: Microorganisms
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
NEW There are 3 Domains
K
C
O
F
S
G
P
RANKING SYSTEM
For Your Information: in the ranking system…
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Eubacteria
Archeaobacteria
C L A R I F I C A T I O N S T O H E L P
(Domain) Eukaryotes
One-celled
Microorganisms with a nucleus but no specialized tissues; one-celled, colony-forming, or multi-celled-need water
X “animal-like”“plant-like”“fungi-like”
D O M A I N A R C H A E A
Prokaryotes (no nucleus or organelles)
Separated from Bacteria Domain because of major differences in RNA; differences in cell wall
very old group- early life 3.5 bya
(Kingdom Monera)
REPRODUCTION
Binary fission single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
METABOLISM reflects Earth’s early atmosphere:
RESPIRATION: anaerobic- oxygen kills them
• Extremophiles live in extreme heat or cold
• Methanogens use H and CO release CH (methane) through respiration (in human/animal gut)
• Halophiles live in high concentrations of salt
• OTHER: oceans, soils, marshlands, human colon & navel
2 2
4
M O V E M E N T
Flagella: whip-like tails that move the organism
B A C T E R I A
Prokaryotes (no nucleus or organelles)
• very old group
• majority of prokaryotes today: 1 gram of soil has 2.5 billion bacteria
• Diverse
• Sometimes referred to as protists
(Kingdom Monera)
METABOLISM: various- photosynthesis, absorbs, parasite
RESPIRATION: varies
• anaerobic respiration (no oxygen)
• Aerobic respiration- uses oxygen
Aerobic respiration- uses oxygen
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M O V E M E N T
Flagella: whip-like tails that move the organism
REPRODUCTION: binary fission
1. Bacilli- rod-shaped
2. Cocci- spherical
3. Spirilla- long spiral
SHAPES
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Gram stain positive: huge cell membrane (staph, leprosy, TB)
2. Gram stain negative: thinner membrane(proteobacteria; nitrogen-fixers, clamdias, cyanobacteria, food poisoning)
HABITAT
• Most like warm & wet
• In dry & cold, some bacteria form endospores- genetic material in protective coat
• When conditions improve, endospore splits & bacteria become active again
• Scientists found bacteria inside an insect preserved in amber 30 million years ago; when endosperm was moistened, bacteria began to grow again!
http://archives.microbeworld.org/scientists/all_profiles/interview2.aspx
• food cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream:
• Breaks down milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid- preserves & flavors
• Decomposers: recyclers
BACTERIA & ITS ROLES FOR US
• Nitrogen fixation: take N from air & turn it into a form plants can use; animals get N from plants
• Bioremediation: fight pollutionusing microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones
• Clean up hazardous waste, industries, farms, cities
• Medicine antibiotics kill pathogenic bacteria & other microorganisms
• Genetic engineering: the manipulation of DNA in an organism by humans to create new or desired traits
• Insulin breaks down sugars in humans
• 1970’s we learned to put genes into bacteria that would make human insulin; Insulin separated from bacteria & given to diabetics
Desired human gene
(like insulin production)
D O M A I N E U K A R Y O T A
(nucleus- DNA & organelles)
THEORY- 1-2.1 billion years ago bacteria-like cyanobacteria started living inside larger cells in mutualism
- May have led to the first land plant
(Kingdom Protista)
METABOLISM: photosynthesis
RESPIRATION: aerobic
MOVEMENT: flagella, cilia, or blobby amoeba-like
TYPES: (Phylums)
1. Algae- plant-like
• Brown (kelp)
• Red (diatoms, seaweed)
• Green (most are land plants
2. Protozoa- animal-like)
3. Fungus-like (slime molds)
Photosynthesis
Heterotrophs or Parasites
Decomposers
Red algaeDeeper, tropical oceans, most seaweedsBrown algae
cool climates, on rocks or floating beds
Green algaeMost diverse, water, moist soil, trunks, inside organisms
(Kingdom Protista)
Seaweed: many celled algae
PhotosynthesisPRODUCER
PRODUCER
Phytoplankton: free-floating single-celled; produce much of the oxygen in world
(Kingdom Protista)
Photosynthesis
PRODUCER
Diatoms single-celled
• salt & freshwater
• Cell walls have glass-like silica
(Kingdom Protista)
Photosynthesis
PRODUCER
Dinoflagellates most single-celled
• flagella (spin through water)
• Most are producers, but some are consumers, decomposers, parasites
• Some bioluminesce
• ‘Red Tide’
(Kingdom Protista)
MULTI
ADVANCE
bioluminescenceBACK
red tideBACK
PRODUCER
Euglenoids: single celled
• Most freshwater
• Flagella
(Kingdom Protista)
MULTI
Phylum PROTOZOA (Kingdom Protista)
Heterotrophs
Phylum PROTOZOA“first animals”
(Kingdom Protista)
Heterotrophsor Parasites
1. amoeba: soft, jelly-like
• Eat other protists, bacteria
• Some parasites: amoebic dysentery
• Pseudopodia: stretches out pseudopod then cell flows into it; surrounds food, wastes excreted in reverse process
Food vacuole (digests food)
2. zooflagellates: wave flagella back & forth to move
• Water, other organisms
• Parasites: G. lamblia (in water, humans drink & get sick)
• Mutualism: live in gut of termites- digests cell wall of wood
ADVANCE
BACK
G. lamblia
BACK
Trichonympha: mutualism inside termite
3. Ciliates: complex protists
• Cilia beats 60 X per second
• For feeding, sweep food toward food passageway
paramecium
Slime molds thin, colorful globs of slime; cool moist woodlands; decompose wood
• Pseudopodia: food, movement
FUNGI-LIKE:
• Can live as individual cells until food & water is scarce, then they come together
• Live as a giant cell with many nuclei & single cytoplasm at one stage of life (1 meter across)
REPRODUCTION: When environment is stressful, they create stalk-like structures with rounded knobs: spores
• Spores can survive a long time without water
• When conditions improve, new slime molds develop
FUNGUS-LIKE
Slime molds
(Kingdom Protista)
FUNGI
(Yeast, mushroom, athletes foot)
(Kingdom Fungi)
Decomposers, parasites, mutualism (on roots of plants)
• Secrete digestive juices on or near food & absorbs dissolved particles
Hyphae: chains of cells, openings in cell walls to let cytoplasm through
Mycelium: hyphae growing together
FUNGI (Kingdom Fungi)
REPRODUCTION
1. Asexual parts of hyphae break off; or spores
2. Sexual special structures form to make sex cells; sex cells join to produce sexual spores
KINGDOM FUNGI:soil, decomposers, some parasites
1. Threadlike fungi: fuzzy mold
2. Sac fungi: largest groupyeast, powdery mildew, truffles, morels- make a sac (ascus) to sexually produce spores
(+) antibiotics(+) vitamins(+) food
(-) parasites(-) plant diseases
YEAST (Sac Fungi)
humans use for food (bread) & fermentation (beer & wine)
Use sugar for food & produce CO and alcohol as waste
Trapped bubbles of CO cause bread to rise
2
2
3. Club fungi: - mushrooms, sexual reproduction- bracket fungi, puffballs, smuts, rusts
Mycology: study of mushrooms
4. Imperfect fungi: asexual, mostly parasites(-) athletes’ foot(+) penicillium
(+) soy sauce(+) cheese(+) citric acid in sodas
LICHEN:
Mutualism: between a fungus & algae
Act like a new organism, so scientists give them their own scientific name
Most environments: dry, cold, rocks
Primary succession:
1. Lichens make acids that break down rocks, causing cracks
2. Rock sediments & dead lichens fill in cracks to make soil
Microbiology: Classification
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
H I S T O R Y
Aristotle: (Greek philosopher 384-322 CE) classified animals based on method of reproduction
Taxonomy: group or categorize organisms
• Before 1700, there were multiple long names for new species with no rules in naming process
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish) 1735grouped organisms by shared physical characteristics
• wrote Systems Naturae
3 Kingdoms: 1. Mineral
2. Vegetable
3. Animal
Today naming is regulated by Nomenclature Codes allowing names to be divided into ranks:
Binomial nomenclature (genus & species) 1740’s
R A N K I N G S Y S T E M
• 1859 Darwin insisted classification should reflect genetic relatedness
• 1900 Emil Willi Henning: grouped organisms by inferred evolutionary relatedness
• Homologous structures; inherited from common ancestors, so were related
Phylogenetic taxonomy
• Cladistic system: 1960’s scientists started using DNA sequences to determine common ancestry IGNORING RANKS
• This new field is making changes & revisions in classification everyday.
• International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode) is currently under development
Molecular PhylogeneticsC L A D E S Y S T E M
• 1990’s: New Grouping based on new discoveries in bacteria metabolism
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukaryota
D O M A I N S
Separated these 2
Includes Protists
Phylogenetic tree
H I S T O R Y O F C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
1735Linnaeus
1866Haeckel
1925Chatton
1938Copeland
1969Whittaker
1990Woesse
1998Cavalier-
Smith
2 Kingdoms 3 Kingdoms 2 Empires 4 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms
Mineral Prokaryote Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria
Protist Protist Protist Archaea Protist
Eukaryote Eukaryote Chromista
Vegetable Plant Plant Plant Plant
Fungi Fungi
Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal
To apply Darwin to
Microscopic organisms
To show having
nucleus or not
To show evolutionary
history of life
1969 Wittaker: 5 Kingdoms
Protists
Monera
Plants AnimalsFungi
Prokaryotes: Eubacteria &
Archeobacteria
Eukaryotes
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual Reproduction
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
mobile
Absorb
Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
1990 Woese: 3 Domains
Eukaryotes
PlantsAnimals
Fungi
Protists
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
Absorb
Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
Archaea CBacteriaMonera Monera
Absorb & photosynethsize
Aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism: photosynthesis, fermentation,
Methanogenesis respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism: photosynthesis, fermentation,
Anaerobic & aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
mobile
NO NUCLEUS
NO NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN
