Operating Systems

Course: MBA-I

Subject: IT For Manager

Unit-31

Operating System Software• Operating System (OS) – Software that controls the overall operation of a

computer

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What is an operating system (OS)?Operating System Software

Software which manages the overall operation of the computer system including:

• hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O)

• security

• system interface

• application interface

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The functions of an operating system

1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware

2. Provides and Manages System Security

3. Provides the System Interface

4. Provides the Interface for Application Software

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1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware

• Manages the CPU

- What software programs the

CPU works on and when

• Manages RAM

- What is stored in RAM and

where it is stored

- Virtual memory

- OS will send message when

RAM is full

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1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware (continued)

• Provides the interface for storage

devices and manages how data is

stored on those devices

- in charge of formatting disks

- creates sectors and clusters

- creates F.A.T. or V.T.O.C.

- sends message when disk is

full or there is some other

problem with writing data to

the disk

- virtual memory

- CD-ROM, DVD-ROM

- Flash drive

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1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware (continued)

• Provides the Interface for Input and Output Devices

– keyboard, mouse, printer,

– device drivers = software programs which allow the hardware device to be used by the operating system and by application software

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 7

2. Provides and Manages System Security

Single-user Operating Systems

• minimal security

• user has full authority

Server Operating Systems

• login and password capability

• protection of user’s data stored

on the server’s central hard disk

drives

• protection and security for

software programs

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 8

3. Provides the System Interface

System Interface or shell = the interface between the user and the computer

Command Line Interface (CLI)

• Linux, UNIX, DOS, older OS’s

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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4. Provides the Interface for Application Software

• Operating systems are software

• Operating systems are designed and developed for a specific CPU or “family of CPUs”– Macintosh OS: Motorola

680xx, PowerPC Gx, Intel– DOS: Intel CPUs– Windows 9x and XP: Intel

80386, 80486, and Pentium CPUs

– Linux: Intel CPUs– MS NT & 2000: Intel CPUs

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4. Provides the Interface for Application Software

(continued)

• Application software is developed for an operating system

MS Word for Windows XP

• Windows XP

• Intel CPU

MS Word for the Macintosh

• Macintosh OS X

• Gx CPU or Intel CPU

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Order of Development

1. The CPU

2. Other Hardware Components

3. Operating System Software

4. Application Software

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Types of Operating System

Architecture of Computer System

Hardware

Operating System (OS)

Programming Language (e.g. PASCAL)

Application Programs (e.g. WORD, EXCEL)

Operating System

• a collection of programs which control the

resources of a computer system

• written in low-level languages (i.e. machine-

dependent)

• an interface between the users and the

hardware

• when the computer is on, OS will first load

into the main memory

Operating

System

Device configuration

Controls peripheral devices connected to the computer

File management

Transfers files between main memory and secondary storage,

manages file folders, allocates the secondary storage space,

and provides file protection and recovery

Memory management

Allocates the use of random access memory (RAM) to

requesting processes

Interface platform

Allows the computer to run other applications

Basic functions of the operating system

Other function of Operating System

• best use of the computer resources

• provide a background for user’s programs to execute

• display and deal with errors when it happens

• control the selection and operation of the peripherals

• act as a communication link between users

• system protection

Common Operating Systems and Their

Differences

• Network Operating System

– UNIX / Linux / MS Windows2000 Server

• Desktop Operating System

– MS Windows 9X/Me / Mac OS / DOS

• Mobile Operating System

– Palm OS and Pocket PC

Different Features of Operating System

Type of Operating System

• Batch processing

• Real time processing

• Time sharing processing

Batch processing

• Jobs, together with input data, are fed into

the system in a batch.

• The jobs are then run one after another.

• No job can be started until previous job is

completed

Batch Processing

Real time processing

• immediate response is needed.

• For example

– anti-missile defense system

– airplane landing control system

– interrupt error in computer system

Time sharing processing

• Each user is given a time slice to interact

with the CPU.

• The size of the time slice will depend on the

system.

• Each user is served in sequence.

Special Features of OS

• multi-tasking

• multi-programming

• parallel processing

• buffering

• spooling

Multi-tasking

• to handle 2 or more programs at the same time

from a single user ‘s perception

– CPU can only perform one task at a time, however,

it runs so fast that 2 or more jobs seem to execute

at the same time

Multi-Tasking

Multi-programming

• 2 or more programs store in the main memory

at the same time

• when one job reeds to wait (e.g. I/O operation),

CPU switch to another job to execute

• when the first job finishes waiting, CPU will

get back the first job to execute

Parallel Processing

• use 2 or more CPUs to handle jobs

• computer networking

Job 1 Job 2

Job 3

Job 4

Job 1

Job 2

Job 3

Job 4

CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 1

time time

without multiprocessing

with multiprocessing

Buffering

• A temporary storage area (buffers) to read data

from input device or send data to the output

device

• keep CPU busy

– because I/O operation is slow

What is Database Management

System(DBMS)?

• A database management system (DBMS) is a

collection of programs that enables you

to store, modify, and extract information from

a database. There are many different types of

DBMSs, ranging from

small systems that run on personal

computers to huge systems that run

on mainframes.

APPLICATION• Banking: For customer ,informaion,account,and loans, and transaction.

• Airline: For reservation and schedule information. Airline were

among the first to use database in a geographically distributed

manner terminals situated around the world accessed the central

database system through phone lines and other data network.

• Universities: For students information, course registration, and

grades.

• Credits card transaction: For purchases on credits cards and

generation of monthly statements.

• Sales: For customer, product, and purchase information.

• Human resources: For information about employees, salaries,

payroll taxes and benefits, and for generation of paychecks.

Advantage of DBMS

1. Controlling Data Redundancy

2. Data Consistency:

3. Data Sharing:

4. Data Integration:

5. Integrity Constraints:

6. Data Security:

7. Data Atomicity:

8. Database Access Language:

9. Development of Application:

10. Creating Forms:

11. Report Writers:

12. Control Over Concurrency:

13. Backup and Recovery Procedures:

14. Data Independence:

15. Advanced Capabilities:

Disadvantage of DBMS

1. Cost of Hardware & Software

2. Cost of Data Conversion

3. Cost of Staff Training

4. Appointing Technical Staff

5. Database Failures

Data Model of DBMS

Types of Data Models

• Entity-Relationship data model

• Relational Model

• Object oriented data Model

• Hierarchical data model

E-R model

• The entity-relationship (E-R) data model isbased on a perception of a real world thatconsists of a collection of basic objects, calledentities, and of relationships among theseobjects. An entity is a “thing” or “object” inthe real world that is distinguishable fromother objects.

• For example, each person is an entity, andbank accounts can be considered as entities.

E-R model

ER Model is based on:

Entities and their attributes

Relationships among entities

E-R model

• Entity

• An entity in ER Model is real world entity, which has someproperties called attributes. Every attribute is defined by itsset of values, called domain.

• For example, in a school database, a student is considered asan entity. Student has various attributes like name, age andclass etc.

• Relationship

The logical association among entities is called relationship.Relationships are mapped with entities in various ways.Mapping cardinalities define the number of associationbetween two entities.

Keys

Keys are very important part of Relational database. They are used to establish and identify relation between tables. They also ensure that each record within a table can be uniquely identified by combination of one or more fields within a table.

• Super Key

It defined as a set of attributes within a table that uniquely identifies each record within a table. Super Key is a superset of Candidate key.

• Candidate Key

it is defined as the set of fields from which primary key can be selected. It is an attribute or set of attribute that can act as a primary key for a table to uniquely identify each record in that table.

Primery Key

It is a candidate key that is most appropriate to become main key of the table. It is a key

that uniquely identify each record in a table

Composite Key

• that consist of two or more attributes that uniquelyidentify an entity occurance is called Composite key. Butany attribute that makes up the Composite keyis not asimple key in its own Secondary or Alternative key.Thecandidate key which are not selected for primary key areknown as secondary keys or alternative keys

Reference

Book Reference

1. Operating System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, GrebGagne

2. Operating System Concepts by James Lautor Peterson, Abrahamautor Silbeschatz

3. Database System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S.Sudarshan

Image Reference

1. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=database+Management+system+books&hl=en-IN&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=9MCjVLPGIdTmuQTen4HQCQ&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&dpr=0.9#hl=en-IN&tbm=isch&q=database+Management+system

2. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=database+Management+system+books&hl=en-IN&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=9MCjVLPGIdTmuQTen4HQCQ&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&dpr=0.9#hl=en-IN&tbm=isch&q=operating+system