Matter

S

S & L

L

L & GG

t2t1 t4t3

HEATING OF NAPTHALENE

Tem

pera

ture

(o C

)

Time (s)

Melting

Boiling

• When a solid is heated, the particles in the solid gain kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously.• The particles vibrate more faster until the energy they gain able to overcome the forces that hold them at their fixed position• At this point,the solid become liquid.s .•The melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to into liquid at constant temperature

• When a liquid is heated, the liquid particles of the liquid gain the kinetic energy and move faster as the temperature increases.• When the particles have enough energy, this energy can break the forces holding them together• The particles can move freely and far apart• A gas is formed. The temperature at which this happen is called the boiling point• Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas at constant temperature

Temperature (oC)

COOLING OF NAPTHALENE

Freezing•When a liquid is cooled, the particles in

the liquid lose energy and move slower.• As the temperature drop, the particles loss energy until they do not have enough energy to move freely.• At this point, the liquid changes into solid.• The temperature at which happens is called the freezing point• Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid

•When a gas is cooled, the particles in the gas lose energy and move slower.• As the temperature drop, the particles loss energy and move slowly.• At this point, the movement of the particles become slow enough for the gas to change into a liquid.• This change occurs at the boiling point of substance

Condensation

G

G & L

L

L & S

t2t1t4t3

Time (s)

S

Napthalenestarts to melt

Napthalene melts completely and become liquid

Liquid napthalene starts to boild

Napthalene boil completely and become vapor

Temperature constant due to heat is absorbed to overcome force attraction between particles

(molecules) and the release of molecules called latent heat

vapourisation

Particles absorbed heat, kinetic energy

increase and particles vibrate faster.

Temperature increase

Particles absorbed heat, kinetic energy increase and particles vibrate faster. Temperature

increaseMelting point

Boiling point

HEATING OF NAPTHALENE

Temperature constant due to heat is absorbed to

overcome force attraction between particles

(molecules) called latent heat of fusion

t2t1 t4t3

S

S & L

L

L & GG

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Liquid Napthalene starts to solidify

Liquid Napthalene solidify completely

Napthalene gasstarts to condesate

Napthalene gas completely condesate to

form liquid

Temperature constant because the heat lost to the surrounding

is equal to the heat released when the molecules attract one

another to form solid napthalene. This is called

latent heat or vapourisation

Temperature constant because the heat released during the

formation of the force of attraction between molecule is

equal to the heat lost to the sorrounding. This is called

latent heat of fusion

Freezing point

Boiling point

Particles lose energy. The kinetic energy decreases and the

particles move slower . The temperature

continues decrease

Temperature (oC)

G

G & L

L

L & S

t2t1 t4t3

Time (s)

COOLING OF NAPTHALENE

State Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of particles

Movement of particles

Forces of attraction between particles

Energy content of particles

• Particles are arranged closely, packed orderly and fixed position• Little empty spaces between molecule

• Particles are not arranged orderly• There are empty spaces between particles• Most particles still contact with one another

• Particles are not arranged orderly but are separated from one another

• Particles are not free to move and only vibrate at fixed position

• Particles are move randomly and slowly and collide each other

• Particles are move randomly and rapidly in all direction• The particles collide against each other

• Very strong • Medium • Very weak

• Very low • Medium • Very high

The arrangement and movement of paricles in the three states manner

Sublimation

Sublimation

Melting

Freezing

Evaporation

Condensation

solidliquid

Gas

Changes in the states of matter

The structure of the atom

12 C 6

13 C6

ProtonsElectronsNeutrons

Valence electrons

Atoms

Proton numberNucleon Number

Uses of isotops MedicineAgricultureNuclear power

stationsArchaeologyIndustry

Electron arrangement

Matter

Isotops

Sublimation

Sublimation

Melting

Freezing

Evaporation

Condensation

solidliquid

Gas

CHANGES IN THE STATES OF MATTER


12 C 6

13 C6

Protons ElectronsNeutrons

Valence electrons

Atoms

Proton number

Nucleon Number

Uses of isotops

• Medicine• Agriculture• Nuclear power

stations• Archaeology• Industry


Matter

Isotops


12 C 6

13 C6

Protons ElectronsNeutrons

Valence electrons

Atoms

Proton number

Nucleon Number

Uses of isotops

• Medicine• Agriculture• Nuclear power

stations• Archaeology• Industry


Isotops

Atomic structure

Nucleus

Second shell :max 8 electrons

Third shell :max 8 electrons

First shell : max 2 electrons

Electron arrangement for sodium atom

e

++

++

++

+++++

++

++ e

eee

e

e

e

e

ee

• The nucleus contains 11 proton and 13 neutron or the number of proton for the atom is 11 and the number of neutron is 12 • The nucleus is located at the center of the atom• The nucleus is negatively charge• The electron move around the nucleus• The nucleon number is 23.• The electronic arrangement is 2.8.1• The valence electron for the atom is 1• The atom contains 3 shell• The atom contain 11 electrons

• Subatomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons

Subatomicparticles

Symbol Relative mass

Relativecharge

Proton p 1 +1

Neutron n 1 0

Electron e 1/1837 -1• Proton number of an element is the number of protons in its atom• Nucleon number is the total number of protons and neutron in its atom

23 Na 11

Nucleon number

Proton number

Symbol of element

Explain the atomic structure for sodium atom

Education

Matter