Mass communication It comprises the institutions and techniques by which specialized group of people, employee, the technological devices (press, radio and TV) to disseminate the symbolic content to the large number and widely spread heterogeneous audience. OR Transmission of message from source to the reciepients Two major components of production: • Editorial Aspects- Script-keeping in view the ideology of the script • Technological Aspects- to make any communication effective by the use of techniques. Television Production Types 1. Basic television system-The equipment which converts the optical images and actual sounds into electrical energy and the people who operates it. e.g Camera,Microphone,Tape recorder 2. The expanded studio television system- Selection of various pictures and sounds,Recording/Playback and transmission of pictures, integration of additional video and audio sources and more complex procedures. Sources of expanded television: Multimedia: No of mediums in one medium is called muti media or mediums of media is also called multi media. Multimedia: 1.Text 2.Graphics 3.Animations 4.Audio 5. Video
1. Mass communication Itcomprises the institutions and
techniques by which specialized group of people, employee, the
technological devices (press, radio and TV) to disseminate the
symbolic content to the large number and widely spread
heterogeneous audience. OR Transmission of messagefromsourceto the
reciepients Two major components of production: Editorial Aspects-
Script-keeping in view the ideology of the script Technological
Aspects- to make any communication effective by the use of
techniques. Television Production Types 1. Basic
televisionsystem-Theequipmentwhich converts the optical images and
actual sounds into electrical energy and the people who operates
it. e.g Camera,Microphone,Taperecorder 2. The
expandedstudiotelevisionsystem- Selection of various pictures and
sounds,Recording/Playback and transmission of pictures, integration
of additional video and audio sources and more complex procedures.
Sources of expanded television: Multimedia: No of mediums in one
medium is called muti media or mediums of media is also called
multi media. Multimedia: 1. Text 2. Graphics
2. 3. Animations 4. Audio 5. Video Mass media: Overall media(
is in mass media. Hint: Two types of audience: Potential/Active
audience General/Passive audience Sourceoriented approach. Reciever
oriented approach. Equipments of expanded TV:
Sound,Microphone,Camera,Audio Mixer(Console), Video Switcher, Video
tape recorder, Integration of additional videos and audio sources
and multi media. IDEA===> Proper useof Equipments===> Proper
viewers===>Effective communication Radio directs the individuals
and it is conversational. Stages In order to know the potential of
medium, you mustknow whatis technically possible, the more you know
the right useof right equipments,the more technicalities of
programproducing will become sub-survientto your editorial
decisions. Pre-Production
3. Production Post-Production Sound The study of sound is
called Acaustics. OR Sound is the combination of various
waves(Frequency). Unit is HERTZ. Major Objectives: To maintain the
originality and genuineness of sound. To create a desireeffect in
the perception of your viewers. (Relationship of sound and video).
Importance of sound: As a TV and film professional, oneshould know
how to maintain the relation of sound and picture. Factors: Sound
manuplating by own wish by changing these four factors.
Frequency(HERTZ) Amplitude(Loudness of sound)
4. Tones(Timber) Sound envelope Change in amplitude and
frequency TYPES OF FREQUENCY High frequency(40-80 Hertz)
Mid-Frequency(20-50 Hertz) Low-Frequency(10-20 HERTZ)
ProductionElements of sound: Speech(Basic Information) Actuallity
of sound(Effects) Music Silence EFFECTS: Photochemical Effects
Photoelectrical Effects (Human Eye looks 3D while TV is in 2D)
MICROPHONE Microphoneis the transducer which covnverts theactual
sound into electrical energy. Types: ProfessionalMicrophone-
3D
5. Semi-ProfessionalMicrophone-2D
Non-ProfessionalMicrophone-Solo Electronic characteristics of
Microphones: Sound generating of elements- there are 3 types of
microphones to generate the sound. 1) Carbon and dynamic microphone
2) Capacitor or Condensor Microphone.(Studio Productions) 3) Ribbon
Microphone Senstivity: Senstivity of carbon and ribbon are less
than capacitor microphone. Capacitor is highly sensitive. Carbon or
dynamic are sensitive Ribbon is more sensitivebut less than carbon.
Pick-uppatternof microphones: A territory pattern of pic and sound
relationship, there are 3 types of microphones on the basis of
Pick-up pattern. 1) Uni-directional Microphone.(Fromsingleside) 2)
Bi-Directional Microphone.(2 sides) 3) Omni-Directional
Microphone.(allsides) Physical Appearance of microphones: 1)Moving
microphones 2)Stationary microphones.
6. Special features of microphones: 1) Impedence-Resistance 2)
Sound Quality- 3) Frequency response 4) Senstivity-Condensor 5)
Pick-up pattern 6) Directions 7) Physicalfeatures of Mic Asthetic
Factors: 1) Envirnoment Factor(Surround Factor). 2) Perspective
Factor-Theway we percieve the things. 3) Figure ground
Factor(Fore-ground,Mid-ground,Back-ground). 4) Continuity
factor-Reportis a detail analysis of news,mentalgap-advertisement.
5) Energy factor(Compositeeffect). CAMERA Camera is the tranducer
which converts the optical images to electrical images. TYPES: 1)
Consumer Camcoder(Pictureand audio)-Used normally in home or in
phones. 2)Camcoder(Semi-Professional)-Radio,Outdoorshooting and
broadcasting. 3)ProfessionalCamera/Studio Camera-Used in studio
with extended TV
7. Camera Functions: Parts: Microphone Lens hood Aperture ring
Focus ring Zoom ring Manual zoomcontrol White balance Gain
control(View finder) View finder(Brightness/Contrastetc) Tele
lights Cam Connectors Audio/Video connectors Battery Pack Audio
input control LED moniter/ view finder Auto-manualON/OFF LENS
Itcapture the light waves and projectit on imaging device TYPES:
1)Normal Lens
8. 2)Wide angle Lens-Difference/dimensions-Cannotassumedepth
3)Narrowangle Lens-Shortens thedistances 4)MacroLens 5)Ultra-wide
angle lens(Fish eye-180degree) Hint: Electronic zooming for mobiles
and optical zooming for camera. SDHC-(Securedigital Hard capacity)
SDXC-(Securedigital extended capacity) Low End-NonProfessional
HighEnd-Professional 1)Low End-Non Professional:
2)HighEnd-Professional: Size: Small Big Setting: Auto setting
Manual/Auto setting Lenses: Fix Lens Lens can be changed
FrameSpeed: Fix Framesetting Setting can be changed Imagesensor:
Senstivity cannot be changed Senstivity can be changed
Imageresolution: Fix Resolution Resolution can be changed Pixels:
Pixel stands for picture element. Modes of highend camera: 1)
Moving camera
9. 2) Still Camera 3) Playback camera DEFINITIONS Depthof
field: A range in which a camera is capable of focusing is called
depth of field. OR The portion of a scene that appears to be sharp
if the aperture is very small,the depth of field is very large and
the depth of field is small when the aperture is large. FOCAL
LENGTH: Distance between lenses content "zoomin/zoomout" and image
sensor is called focal length. SHUTTER SPEED: the length of time a
shutter remain open in order to allow light to reach at CCD or
image sensing device is called shutter speed. OR the longer
exposure(1 sec) give much more light to the film than a 1/1000 of
as sec exposure.So, even though the number may look bigger,dontbe
decieved. F-STOP:(Fixing of aperture): Before light reaches the
film it mustpass through an opening called an aperture, the
aperture is like a pupil. you can control the aperture by setting
the aperture opening also known as F-STOP. HINTS:
Under-exposes---lightdim Over exposes-----lighthighly bright Well
exposed----brightlight Smaller F-Stop number is directionaly
propotional to larger openings=More light White Balance: colours
mustbe seen in the actual form.
10. LIGHT Light is very important for making a picture
technically effective. A light is in the formof rays. Human EYE=
Stereoscopic-Illusion of Z-Axis. Lightning Factors: By using
techniques we haveto make camera as stereotype(2 eyes). TYPES OF
LIGHT: 1) Soft light: makes no shadow 2) Hardlight: makes shadow 3)
Day light: 4) Tungstonlight: 5) Florescent light: Properties of
light: 1) Intensity of light: Refers to the amount of light or
strength of light on a givenb area (to
visualisetexture,shape,size,intensity of light is directly
propotional to effect on object) 2) Colour quality: Refers to the
kind of light being used to eliminate the subjector object. 3)
Dispersion: Refers to the hardness and softness to the light,we can
make it soft by using bouncer or diffuser. 4) Direction: Basically
means it is the angle and hight at which the light is placed.
11. 3 Points lightening: Key light= right or left side of
camera Fill light= Oppositeto key light Back Light= will
differentiate the difference between subjectdetached. 5) Light
effect the Picture composition: Frame:All the visualelements placed
in a frame Composition: Arrangements of all the visual elements is
called picture composition. TYPES: Fore-ground Mid-Ground
Back-ground Question: how will you create the illusion of Z-Axis by
applying the techniques. Answer: 1)Choiceof lens 2)Position of
object and light 3)Depth of field-Types: Shallow(Fore-ground or
background) , Greater depth of field 4)Light-intensity of light on
frontaudience and back light is dim 5)Colour- sharp colours with
combination of dim colours